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JHA. D. 1980. Fertilizer use and its determinants: a review with special reference to semi-arid tropical India. ICRISAT Economics Program Progress Report 11. JOHNSON, J. 1979. Rapport de la Campagne 1979. Paris, France: SAFGRAD. KENCHENNA GOWDA, S. K., KRISHNA MURTI, G. S. R., and DEB, A. R. 1966. Clay mineralogy of red and black complex soils of Coimbatore and Medak. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3 6 : 2 9 - 3 4 . LABEYRIE. 1977. L'IRAT et l'amelioration du sorgho grain en Haute Volta. Agronomic Tropicale 3 2 : 2 8 7 - 2 9 2 . MATLON, P. J. 1981. Farmers' tests of new technology —a case study from the ICRISAT/West Africa Economics Program. Presented at the IDRC Workshop on Rural Economics Research Methodologies. 10-12 April 1981. Abidjan, Ivory Coast. MAUBOUSSIN, J. C , GUEYE, I., and NDIAYE, M. 1977. L'IRAT et I'amelioration du sorgho au Senegal. Agronomie Tropicale 3 2 : 3 0 3 - 3 1 0 . MCINTIRE. J. 1981. ICRISAT Economics Program in Upper Volta: methods and objectives Presented at the First OAU/STRC Workshop on Farming Systems, 12-15 Jan 1981, Dakar, Senegal. MOORMANN. F. R., and VAN WAMBEKE, A. 1978. The soils of the low land rainy tropical climates: their inherent limitations for food production and related climatic restraints. Proceedings of the 11th International Soil Science Society Congress, Edmonton, 1978. Vol. 2: 2 7 2 - 2 9 1 . STOOP, W. A., and PATTANAYAK, C. M. 1980. The ICRISAT Cooperative Program in Upper Volta. Pages 143-150 in Proceedings. International Symposium on Development and Transfer of Technology for Rainfed Agriculture and the SAT Farmer, ICRISAT, 28 A u g - 1 Sept 1979, Patancheru, India. Patancheru A.P., India: STOOP, W. A., and VAN STAVEREN. J. PH. 1981. Effects of cowpeas in cereal rotations and in cereal intercropping systems on maintaining soil fertility under semi-arid conditions in Upper Volta. In Biological Nitrogen Fixation Technology for Tropical Agriculture, International Workshop, CIAT, Cali, Colombia. STOOP, W. A., VAN STAVEREN. J. PH.. SERAFINI. P., and DOUMBIA. M. 1980. The effects of agronomic management factors on the performance of different sorghum and millet genotypes. Implications of varietal testing. In Proceedings of the 1st SAFGRAD Sorghum and Millet Workshop. Mombasa, Kenya. SWIFT, J. 1978. Seasonal aspects of pastoralism in the Sahel. Presented at the Conference on Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty. Brighton, U K : Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. VIRMANI, S. M.. KAMPEN. J., and KRANTZ, B. A. 1978. Agricultural climate characterization to identify research priorities. A system-analysis approach applied to the Hyderabad region. In Proceedings of the 11th International Soil Science Society Congress, Edmonton, 1978. NORMAN, D. W. 1974. Rationalising mixed cropping under indigenous conditions. The example of Northern Nigeria. Journal of Development Studies 1 1 : 3 - 2 1 . SAPIN, P. 1977. L'IRAT et I'amelioration du sorgho au Mali. Agronomie Tropicale 3 2 : 2 9 3 - 2 9 9 . SENE, D. 1980. The Senegalese experience. Pages 235-238 in Proceedings, International Symposium on Development and Transfer of Technology for Rainfed Agriculture and the SAT Farmer, ICRISAT, 28 A u g - 1 Sept 1979. Patancheru, India. Patancheru, A.P., India: ICRISAT. SINGH, S., and KRANTZ, B. A. 1976. Description of the soils in ICRISAT. Presented at the International Soil Seminar: Uses of Soil Survey and Classification in Planning and Implementing Agricultural Development in the Tropics, ICRISAT/University of Hawaii/U.S. Universities Consortium on Tropical Soils, 18-22 Jan 1976, Hyderabad, India. 526
Grain Postharvest Technology for Developing Countries Do Sup Chung and C. W. Deyoe* In the past two decades, considerable emphasis has been placed on increasing production of cereal food grains to meet the needs of the world's growing population. Success has been achieved in several parts of the world, as evidenced by the "Green Revolution". However, in other regions the rate of grain production increase has not kept up with the rate of population increase. In 1977 the total worldwide production of grains was estimated to be 1.46 billion metric tons. If a world population of 4.4 billions and per capita need of food grain of 200 kg are assumed, more than enough grains are produced to feed the world population. However, there is a problem of highly unequal distribution of grain supplies. Furthermore, considerable amounts of grain produced are used for feeding animals and other industrial purposes, and do not reach the consumers. Postharvest grain losses (physical or weight) are estimated at anywhere from 5 to 4 0 % for many of the developing countries. At best, these figures are rough estimates, and in only a few cases are documented studies available to show actual measured losses. In addition to the quantity of grain lost, it is believed that considerable grain quality loss is experienced in developing countries. This is of vital importance to subsistencelevel families because their daily nutritional requirements are extracted mainly from cerea grains. Grain lost after it has been harvested not only loses the monetary value of grain and the availability of food supply, but also the inputs and efforts that have gone into growing the grain. Some loss is undoubtedly inevitable but there is much that * Food and Grain Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA. can be done to preserve the valuable food grains that are produced. Unfortunately, in many cases where production has increased through proper uses of improved seeds, fertilizers, water, and chemical pest control measures, we have not had the foresight to plan ahead and provide proper and adequate grain storage facilities, grain marketing systems, and other infrastructures to preserve the quantity and quality of food grains so that producers and consumers alike are benefited. Let us briefly examine the magnitude of grain loss experienced annually in the world. Based on the FAO estimate of a 10% annual harvest loss, and the total grain production in 1977. approximately 146 million metric tons of grain are lost. This loss would have fed about 730 million people or would translate into the loss of about 30 billion dollars (based on the average price of $ 200/ton). The postharvest grain loss should be a more vital concern in developing countries where the domestic demand for food grains outstrips domestic production because the increased food grain imports put a tremendous strain on the foreign exchange reserve. In developing countries, most of the farmers are at the subsistence level and their land holdings are very small. Quantities of grains held on the farms generally range from 70 to 90% of their total production, and only 1 0 - 3 0 % of the grains produced leave the farms for domestic grain marketing channels. Current grain handling, storage and drying methods and facilities employed on farms in developing countries are quite inadequate for the proper preservation of grain. Despite these facts, little attention is given to the improvement of on-farm postharvest grain systems in developing countries. It is indeed ironic that sums of money are spent on increasing production only to lose a substantial amount of the grains produced. Therefore, it should be recognized that im- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 1982. Sorghum in the Eighties: Proceedings Symposium on Sorghum, 2-7 Nov 81, Patancheru. A.P., India. Patancheru, A.P. India: ICRISAT. of the International 527
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SORGHUM IN THE EIGHTIES Volume 2 In
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Sorghum in the Eighties Proceedings
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C o n t e n t s Volume 1 F o r e w
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Breeding for Pest Resistance in Sor
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Foreword In October 1971 in Hyderab
Page 15 and 16: Cropping Systems with Sorghum R. W.
Page 17 and 18: than sole sorghum. If a row arrange
Page 19 and 20: the staple cereal. Baker (1979b) ha
Page 21 and 22: may often be greater under low fert
Page 23 and 24: Ratoon Systems The importance of ra
Page 25 and 26: the associated crop can all be defi
Page 27 and 28: MANDAL, R. C, VIDYABHUSHANAM, R. V.
Page 29 and 30: Crop Management M. D. Clegg* The ge
Page 31 and 32: systems. Maize has generally been g
Page 33 and 34: the next crop. A similar harvesting
Page 35: UNGER, P. W., and STEWART, B. A. 19
Page 38 and 39: programs to evolve closed pedigree
Page 40 and 41: ally one would go back to breeder's
Page 42 and 43: egion after a careful study of fact
Page 45 and 46: The Mechanization of Millet and Sor
Page 47 and 48: was soon used with a pair of bulloc
Page 49 and 50: should be understood that workers f
Page 51 and 52: • The under-utilization of certai
Page 53 and 54: season makes these animals incapabl
Page 55: we will assist in over-equipping th
Page 58 and 59: contain more clay and considerable
Page 60 and 61: uncertain moisture are the rule in
Page 62 and 63: a. Transfer of existing local varie
Page 66 and 67: proved postharvest grain systems ar
Page 68 and 69: most developing countries, farmers
Page 70 and 71: The first concern of research and d
Page 72 and 73: to be investigated further to devis
Page 75 and 76: Session 6 Production Technology L R
Page 77: seed production by autonomous indep
Page 80 and 81: educed because of shading compared
Page 82 and 83: Willey Millet/groundnut Intercroppi
Page 85 and 86: Sorghum Dry Milling R. D. Reichert*
Page 87 and 88: machines, abrasive elements are mou
Page 89 and 90: Hopper Dehuller Motor Rubber cone E
Page 91 and 92: T o c y c l o n e Bran FAN G r a i
Page 93 and 94: Hopper Head cover Metal screen Meta
Page 95 and 96: Somdiaa Mill: Bonfora, Upper Volta
Page 97 and 98: Figure 11. Photograph of the modifi
Page 99 and 100: JONES, R. W., and BECKWITH, A. C. 1
Page 102 and 103: Industrial Milling of Sorghum for t
Page 104: Plate 1 :a. The sorghum mixture (1)
Page 107 and 108: A D B C E Figure 2. The United Mill
Page 109 and 110: EGGUM. B. 0., BACH KNUDSEN, K. E.,
Page 111 and 112: thickness within a kernel and betwe
Page 113 and 114: 3. Thick porridge —to, tuwo. ugal
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Table 2. lnjera quality parameters
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Table 5. Sankati quality characteri
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Table 7. Overall acceptability of t
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swelling power and starch solubilit
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C r o s s i n g b l o c k p a r e n
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AID/DSAN/XII/6-0149 from the Agency
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ROONEY, L. W.. and KIRLEIS, A. 1979
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Table 1. Percent crude protein, 96
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proved protein quality and total gr
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distilled water for 3 hr. The M 1 p
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4 0 Low y i e l d c l a s s (22) M
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Table 7. Comparison of results from
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Table 10. Effect of fermentation an
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fermented Sudanese kisra and abrey
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Sorghum as an Energy Source R. E. S
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Table 1. Source Corn Grains, total
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S w e e t s o r g h u m s y r u p v
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October and November (Fig 1) In thi
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Table 4. Comparison of juice qualit
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(80)20 BR 500 (Rio) Brix (% juice)
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Table 6. Agricultural and Industria
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Sweet sorghum Stalks (75%) Leaves (
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Development of Basic Studies Seedli
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Agricultural Experiment Station, Te
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• It converts sorghum as a conven
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Session 7 Food Quality and Utilizat
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Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
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1. Climatological and physical cond
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why a substantial percentage of far
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An example of the possible problem
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Although those would appear to enco
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Changes from Farm-level Food Self-s
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appear to be merit in strengthening
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TIFFEN. M. 1976. The enterprising p
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egional sense are well known. It is
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to commercial sale. ONCAO sold to p
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interpretations can be given to the
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esearch can concentrate on the most
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Sorghum Marketing in India M. von O
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Table 2. Area, production, and yiel
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Table 4. Production and percentage
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Seasonal Price Variation of S o r g
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Name o f s t a t e P r o d u c t i
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Index 350 340 330 320 3 1 0 3 0 0 2
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Figure 6. Average sorghum prices in
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Table 8. Regression coefficients (t
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Some Important Socioeconomic Issues
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areas in t h e s e zones can be ret
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urgently to tackle t h e p r o b l
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T a b l e 5 . P r o j e c t e d a r
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eports of t h e N C A (1972; 1976c)
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T a b l e 7 . P h y s i c a l a n d
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t i m e l y supply of quality chemi
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Model I: Diffusion Model I I : Feed
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International ICRISAT More develope
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find that their linkage w i t h t h
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A s w e look t o t h e eighties, w
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countries, w h e r e p r o d u c t
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26 24 Karnataka 22 2 0 Maharashtra
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to not result in vastly different c
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c o s t s represent 2 9 % of its na
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T a b l e 7 . S t a t e i n t e r v
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Sorghum Breeding Strategies In Indi
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areas of t h e semi-arid tropics w
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VON OPPEN, M., and RAO, P. P. 1982.
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farmers. I am not sure that this ge
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t r u e in s o m e areas, but I can
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Page 262:
Session 9 Plenary Session Chairman:
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2.1.4 N e e d for i m p r o v e d i
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taxa retain variation that w a s lo
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ing rice; s o r g h u m on l o w -
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Valedictory Speech A. H. Bunting* M
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in agriculture m a y be m a d e . "
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Appendix 1 Short Communications
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Results indicated that stover yield
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grain was assessed for grain mold b
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Mutational Studies in Sorghum C. S.
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The Contribution of IRAT to the Dev
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Poster Session The following papers
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The Starch for Apospory in Sorghum
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A Grain Yield Development in a Hybr
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Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Associated
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Presentation of Award J. Roy Q u i
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Lecture After Presentation of Award
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prepared by Dr. M o r g a n , have
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i n g s of t h e International S h
Page 307 and 308:
P a r t i c i p a n t s , I n t e r
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India S. S. Adkoli Plant Pathology
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B. B. Reddy Plant Breeding IARI Reg
Page 313 and 314:
O. Sidiba Institut du Sahel B.P. 15
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Siwaporn Siwawej Food Science and T
Page 317 and 318:
W. H. M. Morris Agricultural Econom
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P E A R L MIILLET T R A I N I N G D
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I C R I S A T International Crops R
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