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to be investigated further to devise some tillage methods to conserve the moisture in the surface layers, because there is a vast potential for a second crop in this area if short-duration sorghum hybrids are eventually cutivated on a large scale. Opportunities for taking a ratoon crop exists now with the introduction of short-duration, photoperiod-insensitive hybrids. Slow senescence and quick regeneration are the advantages of these hybrids. The observation that ratoon crops yield only about half of the planted crop is applicable to situations where moisture is limiting. Under adequate moisture situations or where one or two supplementary irrigations can be provided, yield comparable with the seed planted crop can be realized. The suggestion made in the paper that genotypes suitable for intercropping be identified or bred, taking into consideration the desirable plant characters, is very appropriate. This applies to both sorghum as well as to the intercrop. Seed Production Seed production is the crucial link in crop improvement programs through which superior genotypes developed by the plant breeders reach the farmers. The main purpose of the seed industry is to generate adequate quantities of good quality seed of high yielding hybrids and varieties. Dr. Chopra in his paper presented a comparative account of seed production aspects in developed and developing countries and posed some of the problems faced by the seed growers in the developing countries regarding sorghum seed production. I wish to highlight some of the important features of the organizational system and growth of the seed industry in India. An organized seed industry on commercial lines came into existence in the mid-sixties with the release of hybrids of sorghum, maize, and pearl millet. At present, India has the largest seed industry in the developing world. Indeed the growth of the commercial seed industry in the country is phenomenal. Seed is produced and distributed both by public and private agencies and a healthy competition exists between them, which is ideal for the rapid growth of the industry. The estimated annual production of certified seed of sorghum hybrids is of the order of 12 000 metric tons. Seed production with sorghum hybrids is concentrated in some favorable areas along with some other isolated pockets, mainly in the peninsular region of the country. Seed production is being taken up both under rainfed conditions in the monsoon season and with irrigation in the winter-summer seasons. Several thousand small and big seed growers are involved in the production of hybrid seed. By and large, they are receptive, and acquire the necessary technical skill, to carry out seed production programs effectively. A number of problems are encountered in the production of hybrid seed some of which have been referred to by Dr. Chopra. They include the adequate and timely supply of breeder's and foundation seed, nicking and low germination problems in some hybrids, and matters associated with seed certification regarding isolation, etc. At present, the situation on production and the timely supply of breeder's and foundation seed is somewhat critical due mainly to the frequent failures to obtain expected yields in the seed plots. To overcome this difficulty, the suggestion made by Dr. Chopra to create buffer stock of breeder's seed to last for 3 - 4 years is very relevant. As regards foundation seed, two important decisions taken recently by the Government of India would go a long way towards eliminating these shortages. The first relates to the removal of restrictions to organize foundation seed programs by the private seed companies to meet their own requirements, and the second is to permit stage II multiplication of foundation seed. The problem of nicking in the production of certified hybrid seed is bound to exist because production is attempted in variable seasons and climatic conditions. While it is possible to overcome this problem under irrigated conditions by staggered plantings and agronomic manipulations, such alternatives are not possible in rainfed situations. In the irrigated fields, seedlings are raised in nurseries and transplanted at an appropriate time. This has proved to be highly successful in the case of the CSH-5 hybrid where there is a major nicking problem. This procedure has other advantages such as a lower seed rate, better shoot fly control, and more uniformity of crop stand and expression. The problem of grain mold is rather acute in many seed production areas due to the prevalence of humid conditions. They frequently reduce the germination of seed rendering it unfit for 534
certification. Fugicidal spray schedules have been found to be very effective in minimizing the problem of lower germination. A lot more work still needs to be done in the area of seed technology to make seed production a more attractive proposition. The success and popularity of a hybrid depends as much on its yield potential as on the easy producibility of seed. It should be the constant endeavor of plant breeders to develop hybrids that have minimum seed production problems. 535
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SORGHUM IN THE EIGHTIES Volume 2 In
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Sorghum in the Eighties Proceedings
Page 7 and 8:
C o n t e n t s Volume 1 F o r e w
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Breeding for Pest Resistance in Sor
Page 11:
Foreword In October 1971 in Hyderab
Page 15 and 16:
Cropping Systems with Sorghum R. W.
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than sole sorghum. If a row arrange
Page 19 and 20:
the staple cereal. Baker (1979b) ha
Page 21 and 22: may often be greater under low fert
Page 23 and 24: Ratoon Systems The importance of ra
Page 25 and 26: the associated crop can all be defi
Page 27 and 28: MANDAL, R. C, VIDYABHUSHANAM, R. V.
Page 29 and 30: Crop Management M. D. Clegg* The ge
Page 31 and 32: systems. Maize has generally been g
Page 33 and 34: the next crop. A similar harvesting
Page 35: UNGER, P. W., and STEWART, B. A. 19
Page 38 and 39: programs to evolve closed pedigree
Page 40 and 41: ally one would go back to breeder's
Page 42 and 43: egion after a careful study of fact
Page 45 and 46: The Mechanization of Millet and Sor
Page 47 and 48: was soon used with a pair of bulloc
Page 49 and 50: should be understood that workers f
Page 51 and 52: • The under-utilization of certai
Page 53 and 54: season makes these animals incapabl
Page 55: we will assist in over-equipping th
Page 58 and 59: contain more clay and considerable
Page 60 and 61: uncertain moisture are the rule in
Page 62 and 63: a. Transfer of existing local varie
Page 64 and 65: JHA. D. 1980. Fertilizer use and it
Page 66 and 67: proved postharvest grain systems ar
Page 68 and 69: most developing countries, farmers
Page 70 and 71: The first concern of research and d
Page 75 and 76: Session 6 Production Technology L R
Page 77: seed production by autonomous indep
Page 80 and 81: educed because of shading compared
Page 82 and 83: Willey Millet/groundnut Intercroppi
Page 85 and 86: Sorghum Dry Milling R. D. Reichert*
Page 87 and 88: machines, abrasive elements are mou
Page 89 and 90: Hopper Dehuller Motor Rubber cone E
Page 91 and 92: T o c y c l o n e Bran FAN G r a i
Page 93 and 94: Hopper Head cover Metal screen Meta
Page 95 and 96: Somdiaa Mill: Bonfora, Upper Volta
Page 97 and 98: Figure 11. Photograph of the modifi
Page 99 and 100: JONES, R. W., and BECKWITH, A. C. 1
Page 102 and 103: Industrial Milling of Sorghum for t
Page 104: Plate 1 :a. The sorghum mixture (1)
Page 107 and 108: A D B C E Figure 2. The United Mill
Page 109 and 110: EGGUM. B. 0., BACH KNUDSEN, K. E.,
Page 111 and 112: thickness within a kernel and betwe
Page 113 and 114: 3. Thick porridge —to, tuwo. ugal
Page 115 and 116: Table 2. lnjera quality parameters
Page 117 and 118: Table 5. Sankati quality characteri
Page 119 and 120: Table 7. Overall acceptability of t
Page 121 and 122: swelling power and starch solubilit
Page 123 and 124:
C r o s s i n g b l o c k p a r e n
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AID/DSAN/XII/6-0149 from the Agency
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ROONEY, L. W.. and KIRLEIS, A. 1979
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Table 1. Percent crude protein, 96
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proved protein quality and total gr
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distilled water for 3 hr. The M 1 p
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4 0 Low y i e l d c l a s s (22) M
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Table 7. Comparison of results from
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Table 10. Effect of fermentation an
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fermented Sudanese kisra and abrey
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Sorghum as an Energy Source R. E. S
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Table 1. Source Corn Grains, total
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S w e e t s o r g h u m s y r u p v
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October and November (Fig 1) In thi
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Table 4. Comparison of juice qualit
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(80)20 BR 500 (Rio) Brix (% juice)
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Table 6. Agricultural and Industria
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Sweet sorghum Stalks (75%) Leaves (
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Development of Basic Studies Seedli
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Agricultural Experiment Station, Te
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• It converts sorghum as a conven
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Session 7 Food Quality and Utilizat
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Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
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1. Climatological and physical cond
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why a substantial percentage of far
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An example of the possible problem
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Although those would appear to enco
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Changes from Farm-level Food Self-s
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appear to be merit in strengthening
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TIFFEN. M. 1976. The enterprising p
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egional sense are well known. It is
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to commercial sale. ONCAO sold to p
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interpretations can be given to the
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esearch can concentrate on the most
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Sorghum Marketing in India M. von O
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Table 2. Area, production, and yiel
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Table 4. Production and percentage
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Seasonal Price Variation of S o r g
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Name o f s t a t e P r o d u c t i
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Index 350 340 330 320 3 1 0 3 0 0 2
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Figure 6. Average sorghum prices in
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Table 8. Regression coefficients (t
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Some Important Socioeconomic Issues
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areas in t h e s e zones can be ret
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urgently to tackle t h e p r o b l
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T a b l e 5 . P r o j e c t e d a r
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eports of t h e N C A (1972; 1976c)
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T a b l e 7 . P h y s i c a l a n d
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t i m e l y supply of quality chemi
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Model I: Diffusion Model I I : Feed
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International ICRISAT More develope
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find that their linkage w i t h t h
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A s w e look t o t h e eighties, w
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Page 238 and 239:
countries, w h e r e p r o d u c t
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26 24 Karnataka 22 2 0 Maharashtra
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to not result in vastly different c
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c o s t s represent 2 9 % of its na
Page 246 and 247:
T a b l e 7 . S t a t e i n t e r v
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Sorghum Breeding Strategies In Indi
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areas of t h e semi-arid tropics w
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VON OPPEN, M., and RAO, P. P. 1982.
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farmers. I am not sure that this ge
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t r u e in s o m e areas, but I can
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Page 262:
Session 9 Plenary Session Chairman:
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2.1.4 N e e d for i m p r o v e d i
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taxa retain variation that w a s lo
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ing rice; s o r g h u m on l o w -
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Valedictory Speech A. H. Bunting* M
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in agriculture m a y be m a d e . "
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Appendix 1 Short Communications
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Results indicated that stover yield
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grain was assessed for grain mold b
Page 283 and 284:
Mutational Studies in Sorghum C. S.
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The Contribution of IRAT to the Dev
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Poster Session The following papers
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The Starch for Apospory in Sorghum
Page 292 and 293:
A Grain Yield Development in a Hybr
Page 294:
Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Associated
Page 298 and 299:
Presentation of Award J. Roy Q u i
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Lecture After Presentation of Award
Page 302 and 303:
prepared by Dr. M o r g a n , have
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i n g s of t h e International S h
Page 307 and 308:
P a r t i c i p a n t s , I n t e r
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India S. S. Adkoli Plant Pathology
Page 311 and 312:
B. B. Reddy Plant Breeding IARI Reg
Page 313 and 314:
O. Sidiba Institut du Sahel B.P. 15
Page 315 and 316:
Siwaporn Siwawej Food Science and T
Page 317 and 318:
W. H. M. Morris Agricultural Econom
Page 319 and 320:
P E A R L MIILLET T R A I N I N G D
Page 322:
I C R I S A T International Crops R
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