RA 00048.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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areas of t h e semi-arid tropics w h i c h e m a n a t e s f r o m t h e availability of i m p r o v e d varieties or hybrids, we m a y never s e e a c h a n g e in t h e s e delivery s y s t e m s . This is a long-run strategy. It is difficult to envisage that delivery s y s t e m s will be i m p r o v e d in t h e absence of, or prior to, initiation of i m p r o v e m e n t p r o g r a m s a i m e d at developing highyielding varieties responsive to t h e i t e m s that i m p r o v e d delivery s y s t e m s will in fact deliver. We should take note of t h e fact that in t h e case of India's Green Revolution in w h e a t and rice, attention only b e c a m e f o c u s e d on t h e inadequacy of t h e delivery s y s t e m s after t h e high-yielding varieties b e c a m e available. There w a s little recognition of this fact prior to t h e Green Revolution period. The short-run strategy should entail greater e m p h a s i s on farming s y s t e m s research, and breeding for locally adapted i m p r o v e d cultivars resistant to t h e major pests, diseases, and w e e d s of t h e SAT. Rationalizing national price policies in t h e SAT countries should also contribute to increased s o r g h u m production in t h e 1980s and m u s t be regarded as part of t h e strategy. In India, w h e r e HYVs of s o r g h u m have b e e n available for s o m e 15 years, there w o u l d s e e m to be high payoffs to research in t h e 1980s a i m e d at understanding and explaining t h e regional differe n c e s in adoption of t h e s e " m a t u r e " innovations. Has adoption been constrained by deficiencies in t h e delivery s y s t e m s i n areas w h e r e f e w s o r g h u m g r o w e r s use HYVs, or are t h e available HYVs n o t suitable t o t h e s e regions? A n s w e r s t o t h e s e questions f r o m t h e Indian experience will be important in defining R and D strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa. O n e key issue currently is t h e relative value and desirability of developing shorter-duration, high-yielding, photoinsensitive cultivars for Sub-Saharan Africa w h i c h w o u l d be w i d e l y adaptable, versus a strategy of i m p r o v i n g locally adapted cultivars. A n o t h e r issue is t h e relative e m p h a s i s w h i c h should be given to grain a n d fodder in breeding programs. In this respect, it appears that there m a y be less n e e d to consider special-purpose foodgrain cultivars for Africa but rather f o c u s on dual-purpose t y p e s ; h o w e v e r this m a y not be so in India. Increased attention w i l l be required in t h e 1980s in t h e SAT to t h e breeding of s o r g h u m f o o d grain cultivars w h i c h are intended for animal f e e d i n g . This is because d e m a n d for s o r g h u m for animal feeding in developing countries will increase m u c h faster than d e m a n d for s o r g h u m as a h u m a n food. In conducting research on s o r g h u m in t h e SAT during t h e 1980s, m o r e t h o u g h t is n e e d e d on t h e appropriate balance b e t w e e n applied and " b a s i c " research, particularly for ICRISAT. To better serve t h e needs of the various regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, h o w m u c h of ICRISAT's staff and resources is it necessary to physically locate t h e r e vis-a-vis the headquarters location in India, and t h e e m e r g i n g ICRISAT Sahelian Center in Niger? This s e e m s to involve a question of balance b e t w e e n " b a s i c " and applied research. A strong case can be m a d e that a substantial part of research on s o rghum at ICRISAT Center in India has direct value to t h e African SAT and indeed can be m o r e efficiently c o n d u c t e d here. An equally strong case can be m a d e that t h e pest, disease, agroclimatic, and socioeconomic c o m - plexes are so vastly different across the w o r l d ' s SAT regions that "basic" research at o n e or t w o centers will be of little value, especially in t h e 1980s, to the w i d e r mandate area. In addition, particularly in the African SAT. national programs are often unable to effectively utilize such " b a s i c " research due to t h e lack of h u m a n and material resources. In such situations, to be effective, ICRISAT m a y need to play a m o r e direct role in s o r g h u m R and D. The above issues are c o m p l e x and will require m o r e concentrated attention in t h e 1980s. Acknowledgments The author is grateful to P. Parthasarathy Rao a n d K. V. Subba Rao for their assistance, and to T. S. Walker for his c o m m e n t s . References ARAKERI. H. R. 1982. S o m e i m p o r t a n t s o c i o e c o n o m i c i s s u e s c o n c e r n i n g s o r g h u m i n India. T h e s e P r o c e e d i n g s : ICRISAT. Aziz, S. 1 9 7 6 T h e world food situation today and in t h e year 2 0 0 0 . Pages 1 5 - 3 1 in W o r l d F o o d C o n f e r e n c e 1976. A m e s , I o w a : I o w a State University Press. BINSWANGER, H. P., and R Y A N , J . G. 1980. Village-level s t u d i e s as a locus f o r research a n d t e c h n o l o g y a d a p t a - t i o n . Pages 1 2 1 - 1 2 9 in P r o c e e d i n g s , International S y m p o s i u m o n D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a n s f e r o f T e c h n o t o - 713
g y f o r Rainfed A g r i c u l t u r e a n d t h e S A T Farmer, ICRISAT, 2 8 A u g - 1 S e p t 1 9 7 9 . H y d e r a b a d , India. P a t a n c h e r u , A.P., India: ICRISAT. B U S C H , L , and LACY, W . B. 1982. R e s e a r c h s y s t e m s . T h e s e P r o c e e d i n g s : ICRISAT. FAI (Fertilizer A s s o c i a t i o n of India). Various e d i t i o n s . Fertilizer statistics. N e w D e l h i : Fertilizer A s s o c i a t i o n o f India. F A O (Food a n d A g r i c u l t u r e Organization). Various y e a r s . P r o d u c t i o n y e a r b o o k . R o m e : F A O . GASSER, W. R. 1 9 8 1 . S u r v e y of irrigation in e i g h t A s i a n n a t i o n s : India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand, B a n g l a d e s h , S o u t h Korea, Philippines a n d Sri Lanka. E c o n o m i c s a n d Statistics Service, U S D A , W a s h i n g t o n D . C : Foreign Agricultural E c o n o m i c Report N o . 165. G O O D W I N , J . B., S A N D E R S , J . H., and de Hollands, A. D. 1980. Ex ante appraisal of n e w t e c h n o l o g y : S o r g h u m in N o r t h e a s t Brazil. A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l o f Agricultural E c o n o m i c s 6 2 : 7 3 7 - 7 4 1 . G O V E R N M E N T OF INDIA. 1980. E s t i m a t e s of area a n d p r o d u c t i o n o f principal c r o p s i n India. N e w D e l h i : M i n i s t r y o f A g r i c u l t u r e a n d Irrigation, D i r e c t o r a t e o f E c o n o m i c s a n d Statistics. HARRISS, B. 1 9 8 1 . T h e m a r k e t i n g of f o o d g r a i n s in t h e Sudano-Sahelian s t a t e s : A n i n t e r p r e t i v e r e v i e w o f t h e literature. ICRISAT E c o n o m i c s P r o g r a m p r o g r e s s r e port. H I L D E B R A N D , P. E. 1 9 7 7 . G e n e r a t i n g s m a l l - f a r m t e c h n o l o - g y : A n i n t e g r a t e d multi-disciplinary s y s t e m . P r e s e n t e d a t t h e 1 2 t h W e s t Indian A g r i c u l t u r a l E c o n o m i c s C o n f e r - e n c e , 2 4 - 3 0 A p r 1977, A n t i g u a . J H A , D., and S A R I N , R. 1 9 8 1 . An analysis of levels, p a t t e r n s a n d d e t e r m i n a n t s o f fertilizer u s e o n f a r m s i n s e l e c t e d regions of semi-arid tropical India. ICRISAT. E c o n o m i c s P r o g r a m p r o g r e s s r e p o r t 2 5 . J H A , D., RAHEJA, S. K., S A R I N , R., and M E H R O T R A , P. C. 1 9 8 1 . Fertilizer u s e i n semi-arid tropical India: T h e c a s e o f h i g h y i e l d i n g varieties o f s o r g h u m a n d pearl millet. ICRISAT E c o n o m i c s P r o g r a m p r o g r e s s r e p o r t 2 2 . M A T L O N , P. J. 1980. Local varieties, planting s t r a t e g i e s , a n d early s e a s o n f a r m i n g activities i n t w o villages o f c e n t r a l U p p e r Volta. ICRISAT W e s t A f r i c a n E c o n o m i c s P r o g r a m p r o g r e s s r e p o r t 2 , O u a g a d o u g o u , U p p e r Volta. N O R M A N , D. W . , N E W M A N , M. D., and O U E D R A O G O , I. 1 9 8 1 . F a r m a n d village p r o d u c t i o n s y s t e m s i n t h e semi-arid tropics o f W e s t A f r i c a : A n i n t e r p r e t i v e r e v i e w of r e s e a r c h . ICRISAT R e s e a r c h Bulletin N o . 4, Vol. 1. P a t a n c h e r u , A.P., India: ICRISAT. P E T E R S O N , W . L . 1 9 7 9 . International f a r m p r i c e s a n d t h e social c o s t o f c h e a p f o o d policies. A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l E c o n o m i c s 6 1 : 1 2 - 2 1 . RADHAKRISHNA, R., and M U R T Y , K. N. 1980. M o d e l s of c o m p l e t e e x p e n d i t u r e s y s t e m s f o r India. International I n s t i t u t e f o r A p p l i e d S y s t e m s A n a l y s i s w o r k i n g paper W P - 8 0 - 9 8 , L a x e n b u r g , A u s t r i a . RASTOGI, B. 1 9 8 1 . A s t u d y on e c o n o m i c s of r e c o m m e n d e d p r a c t i c e s f o r d r y l a n d a g r i c u l t u r e . A g r o - e c o n o m i c R e s e a r c h in D r o u g h t P r o n e A r e a s Coo r d i n a t i n g Cell, All India C o o r d i n a t e d R e s e a r c h Project f o r Dryland A g r i c u l t u r e (ICAR), H y d e r a b a d , A.P., India. R A S T O G I , B. K., and A N N A M A L A I , V. 1 9 8 1 . A s t u d y o n t h e a d o p t i o n a n d d i f f u s i o n o f r e c o m m e n d e d t e c h n o l o g y i n d r y l a n d areas. A g r o - e c o n o m i c Research in D r o u g h t Prone A r e a s C o o r d i n a t i n g Cell, All India C o o r d i n a t e d R e s e a r c h Project f o r D r y l a n d A g r i c u l t u r e (ICAR), H y d e r a b a d . A.P., India. R Y A N , J . G., and R A T H O R E , M . S. 1978. Factor proport i o n s , factor m a r k e t a c c e s s a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d t r a n s f e r o f t e c h n o l o g y . P r e s e n t e d a t t h e S e m i n a r o n E c o n o m i c P r o b l e m s in Transfer of Agricultural T e c h n o l o g y , Indian Agricultural Research Institute, 9 - 1 0 D e c 1978, N e w Delhi, India. R Y A N , J. G., and S U B R A H M A N Y A M . K. V. 1975. A n appraisal of t h e p a c k a g e of practices a p p r o a c h in' a d o p t i o n of m o d e r n varieties. E c o n o m i c a n d Political W e e k l y Rev i e w o f A g r i c u l t u r e , 2 7 D e c 1 9 7 5 . SCHAFFERT, R., and G O U R L E Y , L. M . 1982. S o r g h u m as an e n e r g y s o u r c e . T h e s e P r o c e e d i n g s : ICRISAT. S H E R M A N , J . R., and O U E D R A O G O , I. 1982. Grain m a r k e t i n g i n t h e W e s t A f r i c a n semi-arid t r o p i c s . T h e s e P r o c e e d i n g s : ICRISAT. U S D A (United States Department of Agriculture), 1980. F o o d p r o b l e m s a n d p r o s p e c t s i n Sub-Saharan A f r i c a : T h e d e c a d e o f t h e 1980s. W a s h i n g t o n , D . C , U S A . E c o n o m i c s , Statistics, a n d C o o p e r a t i v e Service, International E c o n o m i c s Division, A f r i c a a n d M i d d l e East B r a n c h . N O R M A N , D . W . 1 9 8 2 . S o c i o e c o n o m i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n s o r g h u m f a r m i n g s y s t e m s . T h e s e P r o c e e d i n g s : I C - RISAT. V O N O P P E N , M . and R A O , P . P . 1 9 8 0 . I m p a c t o f m a r k e t i n f r a s t r u c t u r e o n a g g r e g a t e productivity. U n p u b l i s h e d ICRISAT E c o n o m i c s P r o g r a m p r o g r e s s report. 714
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SORGHUM IN THE EIGHTIES Volume 2 In
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Sorghum in the Eighties Proceedings
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C o n t e n t s Volume 1 F o r e w
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Breeding for Pest Resistance in Sor
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Foreword In October 1971 in Hyderab
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Cropping Systems with Sorghum R. W.
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than sole sorghum. If a row arrange
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the staple cereal. Baker (1979b) ha
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may often be greater under low fert
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Ratoon Systems The importance of ra
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the associated crop can all be defi
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MANDAL, R. C, VIDYABHUSHANAM, R. V.
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Crop Management M. D. Clegg* The ge
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systems. Maize has generally been g
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the next crop. A similar harvesting
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UNGER, P. W., and STEWART, B. A. 19
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programs to evolve closed pedigree
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ally one would go back to breeder's
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egion after a careful study of fact
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The Mechanization of Millet and Sor
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was soon used with a pair of bulloc
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should be understood that workers f
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• The under-utilization of certai
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season makes these animals incapabl
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we will assist in over-equipping th
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contain more clay and considerable
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uncertain moisture are the rule in
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a. Transfer of existing local varie
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JHA. D. 1980. Fertilizer use and it
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proved postharvest grain systems ar
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most developing countries, farmers
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The first concern of research and d
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to be investigated further to devis
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Session 6 Production Technology L R
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seed production by autonomous indep
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educed because of shading compared
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Willey Millet/groundnut Intercroppi
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Sorghum Dry Milling R. D. Reichert*
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machines, abrasive elements are mou
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Hopper Dehuller Motor Rubber cone E
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T o c y c l o n e Bran FAN G r a i
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Hopper Head cover Metal screen Meta
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Somdiaa Mill: Bonfora, Upper Volta
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Figure 11. Photograph of the modifi
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JONES, R. W., and BECKWITH, A. C. 1
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Industrial Milling of Sorghum for t
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Plate 1 :a. The sorghum mixture (1)
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A D B C E Figure 2. The United Mill
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EGGUM. B. 0., BACH KNUDSEN, K. E.,
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thickness within a kernel and betwe
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3. Thick porridge —to, tuwo. ugal
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Table 2. lnjera quality parameters
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Table 5. Sankati quality characteri
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Table 7. Overall acceptability of t
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swelling power and starch solubilit
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C r o s s i n g b l o c k p a r e n
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AID/DSAN/XII/6-0149 from the Agency
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ROONEY, L. W.. and KIRLEIS, A. 1979
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Table 1. Percent crude protein, 96
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proved protein quality and total gr
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distilled water for 3 hr. The M 1 p
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4 0 Low y i e l d c l a s s (22) M
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Table 7. Comparison of results from
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Table 10. Effect of fermentation an
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fermented Sudanese kisra and abrey
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Sorghum as an Energy Source R. E. S
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Table 1. Source Corn Grains, total
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S w e e t s o r g h u m s y r u p v
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October and November (Fig 1) In thi
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Table 4. Comparison of juice qualit
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(80)20 BR 500 (Rio) Brix (% juice)
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Table 6. Agricultural and Industria
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Sweet sorghum Stalks (75%) Leaves (
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Development of Basic Studies Seedli
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Agricultural Experiment Station, Te
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• It converts sorghum as a conven
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Session 7 Food Quality and Utilizat
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Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
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1. Climatological and physical cond
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why a substantial percentage of far
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An example of the possible problem
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Although those would appear to enco
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Changes from Farm-level Food Self-s
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appear to be merit in strengthening
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TIFFEN. M. 1976. The enterprising p
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egional sense are well known. It is
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to commercial sale. ONCAO sold to p
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interpretations can be given to the
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esearch can concentrate on the most
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Sorghum Marketing in India M. von O
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Table 2. Area, production, and yiel
Page 200 and 201: Table 4. Production and percentage
Page 202 and 203: Seasonal Price Variation of S o r g
Page 204 and 205: Name o f s t a t e P r o d u c t i
Page 206 and 207: Index 350 340 330 320 3 1 0 3 0 0 2
Page 208 and 209: Figure 6. Average sorghum prices in
Page 210 and 211: Table 8. Regression coefficients (t
Page 212 and 213: Some Important Socioeconomic Issues
Page 214 and 215: areas in t h e s e zones can be ret
Page 216 and 217: urgently to tackle t h e p r o b l
Page 218 and 219: T a b l e 5 . P r o j e c t e d a r
Page 220 and 221: eports of t h e N C A (1972; 1976c)
Page 222 and 223: T a b l e 7 . P h y s i c a l a n d
Page 224: t i m e l y supply of quality chemi
Page 227 and 228: Model I: Diffusion Model I I : Feed
Page 229 and 230: International ICRISAT More develope
Page 231 and 232: find that their linkage w i t h t h
Page 233 and 234: A s w e look t o t h e eighties, w
Page 236 and 237: Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
Page 238 and 239: countries, w h e r e p r o d u c t
Page 240 and 241: 26 24 Karnataka 22 2 0 Maharashtra
Page 242 and 243: to not result in vastly different c
Page 244 and 245: c o s t s represent 2 9 % of its na
Page 246 and 247: T a b l e 7 . S t a t e i n t e r v
Page 248 and 249: Sorghum Breeding Strategies In Indi
Page 252: VON OPPEN, M., and RAO, P. P. 1982.
Page 255 and 256: farmers. I am not sure that this ge
Page 257 and 258: t r u e in s o m e areas, but I can
Page 260 and 261: Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
Page 262: Session 9 Plenary Session Chairman:
Page 265 and 266: 2.1.4 N e e d for i m p r o v e d i
Page 267 and 268: taxa retain variation that w a s lo
Page 269 and 270: ing rice; s o r g h u m on l o w -
Page 272 and 273: Valedictory Speech A. H. Bunting* M
Page 274 and 275: in agriculture m a y be m a d e . "
Page 276: Appendix 1 Short Communications
Page 279 and 280: Results indicated that stover yield
Page 281 and 282: grain was assessed for grain mold b
Page 283 and 284: Mutational Studies in Sorghum C. S.
Page 285 and 286: The Contribution of IRAT to the Dev
Page 288 and 289: Poster Session The following papers
Page 290 and 291: The Starch for Apospory in Sorghum
Page 292 and 293: A Grain Yield Development in a Hybr
Page 294: Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Associated
Page 298 and 299: Presentation of Award J. Roy Q u i
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Lecture After Presentation of Award
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prepared by Dr. M o r g a n , have
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i n g s of t h e International S h
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P a r t i c i p a n t s , I n t e r
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India S. S. Adkoli Plant Pathology
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B. B. Reddy Plant Breeding IARI Reg
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O. Sidiba Institut du Sahel B.P. 15
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Siwaporn Siwawej Food Science and T
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W. H. M. Morris Agricultural Econom
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P E A R L MIILLET T R A I N I N G D
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I C R I S A T International Crops R
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