RA 00048.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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still r e m a i n e d : It w a s a s s u m e d that t h e researcher had the right a n s w e r s to the right questions. The f a r m e r w a s only consulted t o s e e w h e t h e r o r not t h e m e s s a g e delivered by t h e researcher (or his agent) had b e e n received. M o r e recently, w i t h the d e v e l o p m e n t of socalled f a r m i n g s y s t e m s research, a n e w m o d e l has d e v e l o p e d . W e have labeled this n e w m o d e l t h e reconnaissance m o d e l . In this m o d e l , research continues to be c o n d u c t e d in t h e original w a y on e x p e r i m e n t stations. H o w e v e r , a n e w research territory has been added, that of t h e so-called f a r m i n g s y s t e m . This clearly represents a vast i m p r o v e m e n t over t h e older feedback m o d e l . H o w e v e r , it still contains certain serious d r a w b a c k s . As is illustrated in Figure 1, t h e research territory called a f a r m i n g s y s t e m is not t h e f a r m e r ' s field itself. Of course, b o t h farming s y s t e m s research and t h e actual practice of f a r m i n g by peasants t e n d to take place in precisely t h e s a m e physical location. H o w e v e r , t h e social location of the researcher and the farmer remain distinct. The t e n d e n c y in f a r m i n g s y s t e m s studies has frequently b e e n to approach t h e farmer and perhaps his or her family w i t h an e n o r m o u s battery of questions. Then, responses of large n u m b e r s of farmers have been collated and statistically analyzed in accordance w i t h t h e researchers' theoretical perspective. The questions h o w e v e r , have r e m a i n e d t h o s e of t h e researcher and not of t h e farmer. M o r e o v e r , o f t e n researchers have p r e s u m e d that t h e f a r m e r s ' responses reflected the actual state of affairs and that t h e f a rmer w a s free t o openly a n s w e r t h e questions asked by t h e researcher. In general, t h e farmer w a s rarely a s k e d w h a t questions he or she s a w as relevant, o r w h a t t h e a n s w e r s t o s u c h questions m i g h t be. As a result, w h i l e t h e perspective of t h e researcher w a s far closer to that of t h e farmer t h a n it had b e e n before, t h e r e still existed a gap b e t w e e n their understandings of t h e p r o b l e m s at hand. M o s t recently, a fourth m o d e l has e m e r g e d , that of dialogue. Here t h e researcher interacts w i t h t h e farmer as an equal, as a partner in t h e research process. The research territory t h e n b e c o m e s t h e f a r m e r ' s field itself and t h e f armer b e c o m e s an active participant in t h e research decision m a k i n g process itself. To date, this has h a p p e n e d in only a f e w instances. M o r e o v e r , t h e results have b e e n m i x e d because o f t e n researchers t e n d to e m p l o y elaborate techniques that remain b e y o n d t h e c o m p r e h e n s i o n of farmers. H o w e v e r , this m o d e of research appears to hold substantial p r o m i s e for it puts t h e researcher, to a far greater degree, into the everyday w o r l d of t h e farmer. We shall have m o r e to say about this m o d e l later. The Current Structure of Research on Sorghum The d e v e l o p m e n t of international agricultural research centers is of recent origin and t h e developm e n t of an institute w i t h specific f o c u s on t h e semi-arid tropics is an even m o r e recent event. Like m o s t of the other international agricultural research centers (IARC), ICRISAT w a s organized on the m o d e l developed at C I M M Y T ( W a d e 1975. p. 91). However, unlike m a n y of its sister institutions, ICRISAT faces an institutional e n v i r o n m e n t quite different and far less likely to yield t h e s a m e spectacular kinds of yield increases a c c o m p l i s h e d w i t h w h e a t and rice. Specifically consider the f o l l o w i n g : 1. Those farmers w h o are the ultimate target of n e w s o r g h u m research are substantially poorer than those engaged in t h e cultivation of w h e a t or rice. Moreover, m o s t f a r m e r s w h o cultivate s o r g h u m do so under rainfed conditions in relatively poor soil (Kanwar 1980). 2. M a r k e t s for s o r g h u m t e n d to be small a n d relatively f r a g m e n t e d . They are also susceptible to local or national price policies that discourage production. 3. The very poverty of m o s t s o r g h u m producers in the semi-arid tropics m a k e s it highly unlikely that any capital-intensive technology, based on high levels of inputs w i l l be successfully adopted. 4. Both w h e a t and rice have long b e e n t h e subject of agricultural research in w e s t e r n countries. C I M M Y T and IRRI could, therefore, d r a w f r o m an i m m e n s e body of scientific literature in developing varieties suitable for m o r e tropical conditions. The very fact that s o r g h u m is of substantially less economic importance to t h e d e v e l o p e d countries m e a n s that ICRISAT continues to have a smaller backlog of scientific information upon w h i c h to d r a w . 5. M o s t of t h e other international centers w e r e established during a period of generally sustained w o r l d w i d e e c o n o m i c g r o w t h . This 691
International ICRISAT More developed countries A g r i c u l t u r a l input s u p p l i e r s National ICRISAT f i e l d s t a t i o n National research system National extension system Private research unit Local National f i e l d station Extension f i e l d staff Private extension unit F A R M E R S Figure 2. A model of the contemporary structure of sorghum research.
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SORGHUM IN THE EIGHTIES Volume 2 In
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Sorghum in the Eighties Proceedings
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C o n t e n t s Volume 1 F o r e w
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Breeding for Pest Resistance in Sor
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Foreword In October 1971 in Hyderab
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Cropping Systems with Sorghum R. W.
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than sole sorghum. If a row arrange
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the staple cereal. Baker (1979b) ha
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may often be greater under low fert
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Ratoon Systems The importance of ra
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the associated crop can all be defi
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MANDAL, R. C, VIDYABHUSHANAM, R. V.
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Crop Management M. D. Clegg* The ge
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systems. Maize has generally been g
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the next crop. A similar harvesting
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UNGER, P. W., and STEWART, B. A. 19
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programs to evolve closed pedigree
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ally one would go back to breeder's
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egion after a careful study of fact
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The Mechanization of Millet and Sor
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was soon used with a pair of bulloc
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should be understood that workers f
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• The under-utilization of certai
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season makes these animals incapabl
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we will assist in over-equipping th
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contain more clay and considerable
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uncertain moisture are the rule in
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a. Transfer of existing local varie
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JHA. D. 1980. Fertilizer use and it
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proved postharvest grain systems ar
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most developing countries, farmers
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The first concern of research and d
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to be investigated further to devis
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Session 6 Production Technology L R
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seed production by autonomous indep
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educed because of shading compared
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Willey Millet/groundnut Intercroppi
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Sorghum Dry Milling R. D. Reichert*
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machines, abrasive elements are mou
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Hopper Dehuller Motor Rubber cone E
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T o c y c l o n e Bran FAN G r a i
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Hopper Head cover Metal screen Meta
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Somdiaa Mill: Bonfora, Upper Volta
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Figure 11. Photograph of the modifi
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JONES, R. W., and BECKWITH, A. C. 1
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Industrial Milling of Sorghum for t
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Plate 1 :a. The sorghum mixture (1)
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A D B C E Figure 2. The United Mill
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EGGUM. B. 0., BACH KNUDSEN, K. E.,
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thickness within a kernel and betwe
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3. Thick porridge —to, tuwo. ugal
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Table 2. lnjera quality parameters
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Table 5. Sankati quality characteri
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Table 7. Overall acceptability of t
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swelling power and starch solubilit
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C r o s s i n g b l o c k p a r e n
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AID/DSAN/XII/6-0149 from the Agency
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ROONEY, L. W.. and KIRLEIS, A. 1979
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Table 1. Percent crude protein, 96
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proved protein quality and total gr
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distilled water for 3 hr. The M 1 p
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4 0 Low y i e l d c l a s s (22) M
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Table 7. Comparison of results from
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Table 10. Effect of fermentation an
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fermented Sudanese kisra and abrey
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Sorghum as an Energy Source R. E. S
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Table 1. Source Corn Grains, total
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S w e e t s o r g h u m s y r u p v
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October and November (Fig 1) In thi
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Table 4. Comparison of juice qualit
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(80)20 BR 500 (Rio) Brix (% juice)
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Table 6. Agricultural and Industria
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Sweet sorghum Stalks (75%) Leaves (
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Development of Basic Studies Seedli
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Agricultural Experiment Station, Te
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• It converts sorghum as a conven
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Session 7 Food Quality and Utilizat
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Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
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1. Climatological and physical cond
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why a substantial percentage of far
Page 177 and 178: An example of the possible problem
Page 179 and 180: Although those would appear to enco
Page 181 and 182: Changes from Farm-level Food Self-s
Page 183 and 184: appear to be merit in strengthening
Page 185 and 186: TIFFEN. M. 1976. The enterprising p
Page 187 and 188: egional sense are well known. It is
Page 189 and 190: to commercial sale. ONCAO sold to p
Page 191 and 192: interpretations can be given to the
Page 193 and 194: esearch can concentrate on the most
Page 196 and 197: Sorghum Marketing in India M. von O
Page 198 and 199: Table 2. Area, production, and yiel
Page 200 and 201: Table 4. Production and percentage
Page 202 and 203: Seasonal Price Variation of S o r g
Page 204 and 205: Name o f s t a t e P r o d u c t i
Page 206 and 207: Index 350 340 330 320 3 1 0 3 0 0 2
Page 208 and 209: Figure 6. Average sorghum prices in
Page 210 and 211: Table 8. Regression coefficients (t
Page 212 and 213: Some Important Socioeconomic Issues
Page 214 and 215: areas in t h e s e zones can be ret
Page 216 and 217: urgently to tackle t h e p r o b l
Page 218 and 219: T a b l e 5 . P r o j e c t e d a r
Page 220 and 221: eports of t h e N C A (1972; 1976c)
Page 222 and 223: T a b l e 7 . P h y s i c a l a n d
Page 224: t i m e l y supply of quality chemi
Page 227: Model I: Diffusion Model I I : Feed
Page 231 and 232: find that their linkage w i t h t h
Page 233 and 234: A s w e look t o t h e eighties, w
Page 236 and 237: Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
Page 238 and 239: countries, w h e r e p r o d u c t
Page 240 and 241: 26 24 Karnataka 22 2 0 Maharashtra
Page 242 and 243: to not result in vastly different c
Page 244 and 245: c o s t s represent 2 9 % of its na
Page 246 and 247: T a b l e 7 . S t a t e i n t e r v
Page 248 and 249: Sorghum Breeding Strategies In Indi
Page 250 and 251: areas of t h e semi-arid tropics w
Page 252: VON OPPEN, M., and RAO, P. P. 1982.
Page 255 and 256: farmers. I am not sure that this ge
Page 257 and 258: t r u e in s o m e areas, but I can
Page 260 and 261: Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
Page 262: Session 9 Plenary Session Chairman:
Page 265 and 266: 2.1.4 N e e d for i m p r o v e d i
Page 267 and 268: taxa retain variation that w a s lo
Page 269 and 270: ing rice; s o r g h u m on l o w -
Page 272 and 273: Valedictory Speech A. H. Bunting* M
Page 274 and 275: in agriculture m a y be m a d e . "
Page 276: Appendix 1 Short Communications
Page 279 and 280:
Results indicated that stover yield
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grain was assessed for grain mold b
Page 283 and 284:
Mutational Studies in Sorghum C. S.
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The Contribution of IRAT to the Dev
Page 288 and 289:
Poster Session The following papers
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The Starch for Apospory in Sorghum
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A Grain Yield Development in a Hybr
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Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Associated
Page 298 and 299:
Presentation of Award J. Roy Q u i
Page 300 and 301:
Lecture After Presentation of Award
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prepared by Dr. M o r g a n , have
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i n g s of t h e International S h
Page 307 and 308:
P a r t i c i p a n t s , I n t e r
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India S. S. Adkoli Plant Pathology
Page 311 and 312:
B. B. Reddy Plant Breeding IARI Reg
Page 313 and 314:
O. Sidiba Institut du Sahel B.P. 15
Page 315 and 316:
Siwaporn Siwawej Food Science and T
Page 317 and 318:
W. H. M. Morris Agricultural Econom
Page 319 and 320:
P E A R L MIILLET T R A I N I N G D
Page 322:
I C R I S A T International Crops R
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