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Poster Session The following papers appeared in poster sessions. Copies can be obtained from the authors. Seedling Emergence in Sorghum under Varying Soil Temperature and Moisture P. Soman and J. M. Peacock Abstract Emergence response of a few sorghum genotypes to different soil temperatures were tested in a system where wet soil could be heated from above. Temperatures of 35°C, 40°C, 45°C and 50°C were maintained at a depth of 2 cm. Genotypic variability was detected. Hybrids CSH-1, CSH-5, and CSH-6 showed poor emergence at high temperatures compared with varieties such as SPV 354, SPV 386 and SPV 387. The cultivars were also tested for emergence under limited soil moisture. Three levels of soil moisture were maintained in pots: 3.8-0.3%, 7 . 5 - 2 . 1 % , and 8.1-3.2%. Again, hybrids gave very low emergence at lower moisture supply when compared with varieties. Genotypic variability was detected. Strategies for Drought Tolerance H. G. Jones Abstract The results of calculations using a simple model to investigate the relative advantages of conservative or optimistic strategies of water use for crop productivity in different climates are described. In particular the implications of the fact that the occurrence and amount of rainfall in many semi-arid environments are more or less variable from year to year will be investigated. Sorghum Genotype Differences to Organic and Inorganic Sources of Phosphorus A. M. Furlanl, R. B. Clark, J. W. Maranville. and W. M. R O M Abstract Selected sorghum [Sorghum bicolor [L] Moench) genotypes, chosen because of their response to low P in earlier studies, were grown in nutrient solutions and in a low P soil with various organic and inorganic sources of P to determine their differences for dry matter yields, P concentrations and contents, dry matter produced per unit P, and P distribution among plant parts. Plants grown with organic sources of P. whether in nutrient solutions or in soils produced more dry matter and had higher P concentrations and contents than genotypes grown with inorganic 751
sources of P. Plants grown with calcium phosphate compounds produced as much or more dry matter as plants grown with KH 2 PO 4 in nutrient solutions, but less when grown in soils. Plants grown with ferric, ferrous, and aluminum phosphates produced the least dry matter in both nutrient solutions and in soils. Widest differences among genotypes for dry matter yields were noted for plants grown with ethylammonium phosphate, calcium tribasic phosphate, glycerylphosphate,and KH 2 PO 4 . Plants grown with KH 2 PO 4 and calcium tribasic phosphate had nearly 6-fold higher dry matter produced per unit P than plants grown with ethylammonium phosphate. Genotypes showed few differences in P distribution between roots and tops, but differed extensively in P distribution among lower, middle, and upper leaves. Of the genotypes studied, BB-9040 was the most tolerant to low P and SC-33-9-8-E-4 was the least tolerant. Acetylene Reduction Activity of Several Sorghum and N 2 -Fixing Bacterial Associations S. C. Schank, Rax L. Smith, and J. R. Milam Abstract Fifty-one Sorghum vulgare (L.) Moench lines were tested in replicated field plots for acetylene reduction (AR). Range of AR activity was from 0 to 1934 nanomoles per gram of dry root per hour. In order to further study these highly variable field responses, an in vitro screening technique has been developed to evaluate plant responses, root bacteria associations, and acetylene reduction of specific grass bacteria combinations. Axenic systems using diverse sorghum germplasm were established by inoculating sorghum plants with Azospirillum or other N 2 -fixing bacteria. The seedlings were grown in test tubes for 10 days on a Fahraeus, nitrogen and carbon free medium. In addition, bacterial populations of Azospirillum were studied at the end of the growth period using fluorescent antibody labeling. Roots were scored for root-bacteria associations. Photos of the root-bacteria associations will be displayed. Embryo and Endosperm Formation in Cross-Sterile Facultatively Aposporous Apomicts M. Bharati, U. R. Murty, and N. G. P. Rao Abstract Twenty-one cross-sterile cultures were isolated in advanced generation progenies of crosses involving the facultative apomict R-473, and a sexual line, White Seed. Four of these cross-sterile lines were examined at various time intervals up to 4 days. A considerable number of embryo sacs remained unfertilized at various time intervals. Lack of fertilization was concluded from the presence of intact synergids, unfused polar nuclei of the central cell and the undivided egg. The frequency of such embryo sacs approached 20%. The unfertilized egg was seen to give rise to an embryo starting from the 2nd day after pollination. Endosperm also formed simultaneously, but the endosperm nuclei presented an appearance different from that of sexually formed endosperm. The antipodal nuclei were seen to have contributed to such endosperm at least in some cases. Pollen tubes were found to continue growth in nuceli that were more than 3 days old. Thes6 observations were taken to indicate that pollen tubes cannot penetrate aposporous embryo sacs and that embryo and endosperm in such embryo sacs occurred autonomously a few days after anthesis. 7 5 2
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SORGHUM IN THE EIGHTIES Volume 2 In
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Sorghum in the Eighties Proceedings
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C o n t e n t s Volume 1 F o r e w
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Breeding for Pest Resistance in Sor
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Foreword In October 1971 in Hyderab
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Cropping Systems with Sorghum R. W.
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than sole sorghum. If a row arrange
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the staple cereal. Baker (1979b) ha
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may often be greater under low fert
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Ratoon Systems The importance of ra
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the associated crop can all be defi
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MANDAL, R. C, VIDYABHUSHANAM, R. V.
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Crop Management M. D. Clegg* The ge
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systems. Maize has generally been g
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the next crop. A similar harvesting
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UNGER, P. W., and STEWART, B. A. 19
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programs to evolve closed pedigree
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ally one would go back to breeder's
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egion after a careful study of fact
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The Mechanization of Millet and Sor
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was soon used with a pair of bulloc
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should be understood that workers f
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• The under-utilization of certai
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season makes these animals incapabl
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we will assist in over-equipping th
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contain more clay and considerable
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uncertain moisture are the rule in
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a. Transfer of existing local varie
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JHA. D. 1980. Fertilizer use and it
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proved postharvest grain systems ar
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most developing countries, farmers
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The first concern of research and d
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to be investigated further to devis
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Session 6 Production Technology L R
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seed production by autonomous indep
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educed because of shading compared
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Willey Millet/groundnut Intercroppi
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Sorghum Dry Milling R. D. Reichert*
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machines, abrasive elements are mou
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Hopper Dehuller Motor Rubber cone E
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T o c y c l o n e Bran FAN G r a i
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Hopper Head cover Metal screen Meta
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Somdiaa Mill: Bonfora, Upper Volta
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Figure 11. Photograph of the modifi
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JONES, R. W., and BECKWITH, A. C. 1
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Industrial Milling of Sorghum for t
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Plate 1 :a. The sorghum mixture (1)
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A D B C E Figure 2. The United Mill
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EGGUM. B. 0., BACH KNUDSEN, K. E.,
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thickness within a kernel and betwe
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3. Thick porridge —to, tuwo. ugal
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Table 2. lnjera quality parameters
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Table 5. Sankati quality characteri
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Table 7. Overall acceptability of t
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swelling power and starch solubilit
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C r o s s i n g b l o c k p a r e n
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AID/DSAN/XII/6-0149 from the Agency
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ROONEY, L. W.. and KIRLEIS, A. 1979
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Table 1. Percent crude protein, 96
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proved protein quality and total gr
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distilled water for 3 hr. The M 1 p
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4 0 Low y i e l d c l a s s (22) M
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Table 7. Comparison of results from
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Table 10. Effect of fermentation an
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fermented Sudanese kisra and abrey
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Sorghum as an Energy Source R. E. S
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Table 1. Source Corn Grains, total
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S w e e t s o r g h u m s y r u p v
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October and November (Fig 1) In thi
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Table 4. Comparison of juice qualit
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(80)20 BR 500 (Rio) Brix (% juice)
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Table 6. Agricultural and Industria
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Sweet sorghum Stalks (75%) Leaves (
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Development of Basic Studies Seedli
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Agricultural Experiment Station, Te
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• It converts sorghum as a conven
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Session 7 Food Quality and Utilizat
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Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
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1. Climatological and physical cond
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why a substantial percentage of far
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An example of the possible problem
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Although those would appear to enco
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Changes from Farm-level Food Self-s
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appear to be merit in strengthening
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TIFFEN. M. 1976. The enterprising p
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egional sense are well known. It is
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to commercial sale. ONCAO sold to p
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interpretations can be given to the
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esearch can concentrate on the most
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Sorghum Marketing in India M. von O
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Table 2. Area, production, and yiel
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Table 4. Production and percentage
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Seasonal Price Variation of S o r g
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Name o f s t a t e P r o d u c t i
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Index 350 340 330 320 3 1 0 3 0 0 2
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Figure 6. Average sorghum prices in
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Table 8. Regression coefficients (t
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Some Important Socioeconomic Issues
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areas in t h e s e zones can be ret
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urgently to tackle t h e p r o b l
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T a b l e 5 . P r o j e c t e d a r
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eports of t h e N C A (1972; 1976c)
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T a b l e 7 . P h y s i c a l a n d
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t i m e l y supply of quality chemi
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Model I: Diffusion Model I I : Feed
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International ICRISAT More develope
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find that their linkage w i t h t h
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A s w e look t o t h e eighties, w
Page 236 and 237: Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
Page 238 and 239: countries, w h e r e p r o d u c t
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Page 242 and 243: to not result in vastly different c
Page 244 and 245: c o s t s represent 2 9 % of its na
Page 246 and 247: T a b l e 7 . S t a t e i n t e r v
Page 248 and 249: Sorghum Breeding Strategies In Indi
Page 250 and 251: areas of t h e semi-arid tropics w
Page 252: VON OPPEN, M., and RAO, P. P. 1982.
Page 255 and 256: farmers. I am not sure that this ge
Page 257 and 258: t r u e in s o m e areas, but I can
Page 260 and 261: Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
Page 262: Session 9 Plenary Session Chairman:
Page 265 and 266: 2.1.4 N e e d for i m p r o v e d i
Page 267 and 268: taxa retain variation that w a s lo
Page 269 and 270: ing rice; s o r g h u m on l o w -
Page 272 and 273: Valedictory Speech A. H. Bunting* M
Page 274 and 275: in agriculture m a y be m a d e . "
Page 276: Appendix 1 Short Communications
Page 279 and 280: Results indicated that stover yield
Page 281 and 282: grain was assessed for grain mold b
Page 283 and 284: Mutational Studies in Sorghum C. S.
Page 285 and 286: The Contribution of IRAT to the Dev
Page 290 and 291: The Starch for Apospory in Sorghum
Page 292 and 293: A Grain Yield Development in a Hybr
Page 294: Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Associated
Page 298 and 299: Presentation of Award J. Roy Q u i
Page 300 and 301: Lecture After Presentation of Award
Page 302 and 303: prepared by Dr. M o r g a n , have
Page 304: i n g s of t h e International S h
Page 307 and 308: P a r t i c i p a n t s , I n t e r
Page 309 and 310: India S. S. Adkoli Plant Pathology
Page 311 and 312: B. B. Reddy Plant Breeding IARI Reg
Page 313 and 314: O. Sidiba Institut du Sahel B.P. 15
Page 315 and 316: Siwaporn Siwawej Food Science and T
Page 317 and 318: W. H. M. Morris Agricultural Econom
Page 319 and 320: P E A R L MIILLET T R A I N I N G D
Page 322: I C R I S A T International Crops R
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