RA 00048.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Sorghum Breeding Strategies In India, it is apparent f r o m von O p p e n and Rao's paper (1982) that fodder f r o m s o r g h u m is an e x t r e m e l y valuable c o m m o d i t y not to be ignored in breeding programs. Their analysis s h o w s that HYV grain and fodder prices are both s o m e 3 0 % less than local cultivars. HYV grain yields are 1 6 0 % higher than t h o s e of local cultivars, but fodder yields are 3 0 % less. M o r e research of this t y p e is required in India to d e t e r m i n e if the s a m e relationships hold in other regions and in villages farther r e m o v e d f r o m the influence of large cities. It m a y be that the l o w levels of adoption of HYVs of s o r g h u m in India, reported earlier in their paper, m a y be d u e in part to t h e inferior yield and price of HYV straw. A d o p t i o n studies n e e d to explicitly account for this possibility, as v o n O p p e n and Rao point out. Studies are also required to d e t e r m i n e if it is m o r e feasible or efficient to a t t e m p t to breed dual-purpose s o r g h u m cultivars, w i t h the obvious tradeoffs in b o t h fodder value and yield w h i c h this implies, or w h e t h e r it is preferable to breed specialized types. The latter strategy w o u l d imply that farmers w o u l d g r o w t h e grain t y p e s for their foodgrain needs and, because their grain yields w o u l d be higher than for dual-purpose s o r g h u m s , land w o u l d be released for g r o w i n g fodder sorg h u m s . The a n s w e r to this question lies largely w i t h the breeders' a s s e s s m e n t of t h e likelihood of success of t h e alternative strategies and of t h e genetic tradeoffs implied in t e r m s of relative grain and fodder yields. There m a y be less n e e d for specialized s o r g h u m s in Africa w h e r e pressures on the land are not as great as in Asia. In Africa, extensive f o r m s of technology have m o r e relevance as N o r m a n (1982) correctly points out, and h e n c e d e v e l o p m e n t of dual purpose s o r g h u m s m a y be a preferred strategy. H o w e v e r , t h e s e issues require m o r e research. Irrigation has m o r e than doubled in t h e last 20 years in seven of t h e SSA countries (USDA 1980. P. 113), and projections are for a further substantial g r o w t h in t h e 1980s. For Asia, various projections indicate a m i n i m u m g r o w t h of one-third in t h e net area irrigated in t h e 1980s (Gasser 1981). Should s o r g h u m breeders d e v o t e resources to t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of HYVs suited to irrigated agriculture or to rainfed conditions? It w o u l d no d o u b t be easier to increase yield potentials and stability under an irrigated regime. W h e t h e r sorg h u m w o u l d be acceptable as a major part of t h e c r o p p i n g s y s t e m s i n l a r g e - s c a l e i r r i g a t i o n s c h e m e s is h o w e v e r questionable. W o r l d w i d e experience suggests that it is primarily crops such as paddy, sugarcane, cotton, and g r o u n d n u t s w h i c h are g r o w n in such s c h e m e s . As long as g o v e r n m e n t s are unwilling to set fees for w a t e r w h i c h will cover its real costs and charge on t h e basis of volume, it is doubtful if s o r g h u m w o u l d displace paddy and sugarcane, the m o s t irrigationintensive crops. Cotton and groundnuts are generally export crops facing relatively elastic d e m a n d s , in contrast to s o rghum (von O p p e n and Rao 1982). Unless s o rghum b e c a m e an export crop a n d / o r had effective price support policies, it is doubtful if s o r g h u m breeders should devote a large proportion of their resources to d e v e l o p m e n t of cultivars suited to irrigated conditions. 7 In papers by Jha and Sarin ( 1 9 8 1 , p. 68) and Jha et al. ( 1 9 8 1 , p. 61) a plea is m a d e by the authors for d e v e l o p m e n t of regionally-adapted, fertilizerresponsive cultivars of s o rghum for India. They claim that it is not the low-value nature of s o r g h u m that has led to lack of fertilization of traditional cultivars, but their lack of fertilizerresponsiveness. A breeding strategy oriented t o w a r d s yield and yield stability, w h i c h is t h e desirable course for Asia, may h o w e v e r find that t h e s e t w o objectives are difficult to achieve at t h e s a m e time. In the developed non-SAT countries w h e r e yields exceed 3.3 t / h a , yield variability is six t i m e s greater than in the less developed SAT countries having yields less than 1 t / h a (Table 9). The experience s e e m s to be that higher average yields imply greater variability. Farming Systems Research I agree w i t h Norman (1982) that s o r g h u m research in the SAT m u s t be c o n d u c t e d w i t h i n a farming s y s t e m s research f r a m e w o r k . Improvem e n t s to s o r g h u m will have implications for other c o m p o n e n t s of the farming s y s t e m . An e x a m p l e of this w o u l d be the introduction of short-duration HYVs in the Vertisol assured rainfall regions of India w h i c h exacerbate labor and animal draft p o w e r b o t t l e n e c k s a t h a r v e s t , d r y i n g , a n d threshing t i m e s . These s a m e farmers s o w post- 7. A s s u m i n g t h e s e cultivars w o u l d b e d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e that w o u l d result f r o m a s t r a t e g y a i m e d at b r e e d i n g for rainfed c o n d i t i o n s . 711
T a b l e 9 . S o r g h u m y i e l d t r e n d s ( 1 9 6 4 - 1 9 7 8 ) a n d t h e i r v a r i a b i l i t y i n f i v e p r o d u c i n g r e g i o n s . U n e x p l a i n e d variability R e g i o n 1 9 7 8 t r e n d y i e l d ( k g / h a ) a b o u t linear y i e l d t r e n d 1 0 0 ( 1 - R 2 ) N u m b e r o f c o u n t r i e s A n n u a l c o m p o u n d g r o w t h i n y i e l d s (%) D e v e l o p e d n o n - S A T m a r k e t e c o n o m i e s D e v e l o p e d S A T m a r k e t e c o n o m i e s Centrally p l a n n e d e c o n o m i e s L e s s d e v e l o p e d n o n - S A T m a r k e t e c o n o m i e s L e s s d e v e l o p e d S A T m a r k e t e c o n o m i e s 3 3 0 8 2 0 1 2 1912 1 4 2 8 9 3 5 9 1 6 6 9 2 9 7 1 4 3 7 1 13 9 9 4 7 0.7 2 . 6 1.9 1.1 3.2 W o r l d 1 3 8 3 2 6 197 2.2 S o u r c e : D e r i v e d f r o m F A O ( v a r i o u s y e a r s ) . rainy season crops like w h e a t , chickpeas, safflower as w e l l as irrigated paddy at t h e s a m e t i m e as t h e HYV s o r g h u m s require t h e above operations. Farming s y s t e m s research by breeders, agron o m i s t s , a n d e c o n o m i s t s has s h o w n that traditional s o r g h u m cultivars in Africa respond to i m p r o v e d fertilization and m a n a g e m e n t (USDA 1980. p. 142). I m p r o v e d s o r g h u m cultivars s u c h as E - 3 5 - 1 in on-farm t e s t s in Upper Volta w e r e no better than traditional cultivars w h e n b o t h w e r e g r o w n under i m p r o v e d m a n a g e m e n t and fertilization, e x c e p t in small areas near t h e village c o m p o u n d s . Cultivar E - 3 5 - 1 also p e r f o r m e d better than locals w h e n animal traction w a s e m ployed (Matlon 1981). Labor constraints in Africa are m u c h m o r e severe t h a n t h e y are in Asia a n d call for q u i t e different i m p r o v e m e n t strategies, as N o r m a n (1982) correctly points out. For e x a m p l e , creating labor bottlenecks in Asia m a y be advantageous for landless labor as s u c h bottlenecks t e n d to increase their e m p l o y m e n t probabilities and w a g e rates. In Africa, w h e r e t h e r e is n o t generally a landless labor group, this consideration b e c o m e s irrelevant a n d t h e possible adverse effect of labor bottlenecks o n t e c h n o l o g y adoption b y f a r m e r s b e c o m e s paramount. T h e latter e f f e c t of c o u r s e also arises in Asia, but avoiding b ottlenecks a l t o g e t h e r to e n c o u r a g e a d o p t i o n implies a tradeoff in potential benefits to w a g e labor in Asia, w h i c h is n o t t h e case in Africa. For all t h e above reasons t h e n it is clear that breeders, pathologists, e n t o m o l o g i s t s , a g r o n o m ists, soil and w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t specialists, a n d social scientists m u s t w o r k closely t o g e t h e r in a f a r m i n g s y s t e m s research m o d e if technologies are going to be d e v e l o p e d w h i c h are in fact viable at t h e f a r m level under t h e s e differing resource e n d o w m e n t situations. This m a y apply particularly to Africa w h e r e t h e strategy will not necessarily be to enhance yields per hectare, but rather yields per man-hour. M o r e interdisciplinary research in on-farm situations is required w h e r e a w h o l e - f a r m a s s e s s m e n t of prospective s o r g h u m technologies can be m a d e . This should involve a judicious m i x t u r e of "rapid rural appraisal" t e c h n i q u e s s u c h as t h e Sondeo m e t h o d u s e d by Hildebrand (1977) in South A m e r i c a , c o m p l e m e n t e d by in-depth longitudinal studies of t h e t y p e ICRISAT has b e e n c o n d u c t i n g in India since 1975 a n d has initiated in W e s t Africa in 1980 (Binswanger and Ryan 1980). Conclusions It s e e m s clear that using a range of criteria, including efficiency and equity concerns, research and d e v e l o p m e n t (R and D) in s o r g h u m in t h e 1980s should focus especially on Sub-Saharan Africa. A dual strategy in s o r g h u m b r e e d i n g is required for t h e African c o n t e x t — a short- a n d a long-run. I do n o t quite agree w i t h N o r m a n (1982) w h o maintains that delivery s y s t e m s are a necessary precursor to successful HYV s o r g h u m b r e e d - ing p r o g r a m s in Africa. Rather, t h e reverse m a y i n d e e d be t r u e : that is, unless t h e r e is a derived d e m a n d for changing delivery s y s t e m s in rural 712
Page 1:
SORGHUM IN THE EIGHTIES Volume 2 In
Page 5 and 6:
Sorghum in the Eighties Proceedings
Page 7 and 8:
C o n t e n t s Volume 1 F o r e w
Page 9 and 10:
Breeding for Pest Resistance in Sor
Page 11:
Foreword In October 1971 in Hyderab
Page 15 and 16:
Cropping Systems with Sorghum R. W.
Page 17 and 18:
than sole sorghum. If a row arrange
Page 19 and 20:
the staple cereal. Baker (1979b) ha
Page 21 and 22:
may often be greater under low fert
Page 23 and 24:
Ratoon Systems The importance of ra
Page 25 and 26:
the associated crop can all be defi
Page 27 and 28:
MANDAL, R. C, VIDYABHUSHANAM, R. V.
Page 29 and 30:
Crop Management M. D. Clegg* The ge
Page 31 and 32:
systems. Maize has generally been g
Page 33 and 34:
the next crop. A similar harvesting
Page 35:
UNGER, P. W., and STEWART, B. A. 19
Page 38 and 39:
programs to evolve closed pedigree
Page 40 and 41:
ally one would go back to breeder's
Page 42 and 43:
egion after a careful study of fact
Page 45 and 46:
The Mechanization of Millet and Sor
Page 47 and 48:
was soon used with a pair of bulloc
Page 49 and 50:
should be understood that workers f
Page 51 and 52:
• The under-utilization of certai
Page 53 and 54:
season makes these animals incapabl
Page 55:
we will assist in over-equipping th
Page 58 and 59:
contain more clay and considerable
Page 60 and 61:
uncertain moisture are the rule in
Page 62 and 63:
a. Transfer of existing local varie
Page 64 and 65:
JHA. D. 1980. Fertilizer use and it
Page 66 and 67:
proved postharvest grain systems ar
Page 68 and 69:
most developing countries, farmers
Page 70 and 71:
The first concern of research and d
Page 72 and 73:
to be investigated further to devis
Page 75 and 76:
Session 6 Production Technology L R
Page 77:
seed production by autonomous indep
Page 80 and 81:
educed because of shading compared
Page 82 and 83:
Willey Millet/groundnut Intercroppi
Page 85 and 86:
Sorghum Dry Milling R. D. Reichert*
Page 87 and 88:
machines, abrasive elements are mou
Page 89 and 90:
Hopper Dehuller Motor Rubber cone E
Page 91 and 92:
T o c y c l o n e Bran FAN G r a i
Page 93 and 94:
Hopper Head cover Metal screen Meta
Page 95 and 96:
Somdiaa Mill: Bonfora, Upper Volta
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 11. Photograph of the modifi
Page 99 and 100:
JONES, R. W., and BECKWITH, A. C. 1
Page 102 and 103:
Industrial Milling of Sorghum for t
Page 104:
Plate 1 :a. The sorghum mixture (1)
Page 107 and 108:
A D B C E Figure 2. The United Mill
Page 109 and 110:
EGGUM. B. 0., BACH KNUDSEN, K. E.,
Page 111 and 112:
thickness within a kernel and betwe
Page 113 and 114:
3. Thick porridge —to, tuwo. ugal
Page 115 and 116:
Table 2. lnjera quality parameters
Page 117 and 118:
Table 5. Sankati quality characteri
Page 119 and 120:
Table 7. Overall acceptability of t
Page 121 and 122:
swelling power and starch solubilit
Page 123 and 124:
C r o s s i n g b l o c k p a r e n
Page 125 and 126:
AID/DSAN/XII/6-0149 from the Agency
Page 127 and 128:
ROONEY, L. W.. and KIRLEIS, A. 1979
Page 129 and 130:
Table 1. Percent crude protein, 96
Page 131 and 132:
proved protein quality and total gr
Page 133 and 134:
distilled water for 3 hr. The M 1 p
Page 135 and 136:
4 0 Low y i e l d c l a s s (22) M
Page 137 and 138:
Table 7. Comparison of results from
Page 139 and 140:
Table 10. Effect of fermentation an
Page 141 and 142:
fermented Sudanese kisra and abrey
Page 144 and 145:
Sorghum as an Energy Source R. E. S
Page 146 and 147:
Table 1. Source Corn Grains, total
Page 148 and 149:
S w e e t s o r g h u m s y r u p v
Page 150 and 151:
October and November (Fig 1) In thi
Page 152 and 153:
Table 4. Comparison of juice qualit
Page 154 and 155:
(80)20 BR 500 (Rio) Brix (% juice)
Page 156 and 157:
Table 6. Agricultural and Industria
Page 158 and 159:
Sweet sorghum Stalks (75%) Leaves (
Page 160 and 161:
Development of Basic Studies Seedli
Page 162:
Agricultural Experiment Station, Te
Page 165 and 166:
• It converts sorghum as a conven
Page 168 and 169:
Session 7 Food Quality and Utilizat
Page 170:
Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
Page 173 and 174:
1. Climatological and physical cond
Page 175 and 176:
why a substantial percentage of far
Page 177 and 178:
An example of the possible problem
Page 179 and 180:
Although those would appear to enco
Page 181 and 182:
Changes from Farm-level Food Self-s
Page 183 and 184:
appear to be merit in strengthening
Page 185 and 186:
TIFFEN. M. 1976. The enterprising p
Page 187 and 188:
egional sense are well known. It is
Page 189 and 190:
to commercial sale. ONCAO sold to p
Page 191 and 192:
interpretations can be given to the
Page 193 and 194:
esearch can concentrate on the most
Page 196 and 197:
Sorghum Marketing in India M. von O
Page 198 and 199: Table 2. Area, production, and yiel
Page 200 and 201: Table 4. Production and percentage
Page 202 and 203: Seasonal Price Variation of S o r g
Page 204 and 205: Name o f s t a t e P r o d u c t i
Page 206 and 207: Index 350 340 330 320 3 1 0 3 0 0 2
Page 208 and 209: Figure 6. Average sorghum prices in
Page 210 and 211: Table 8. Regression coefficients (t
Page 212 and 213: Some Important Socioeconomic Issues
Page 214 and 215: areas in t h e s e zones can be ret
Page 216 and 217: urgently to tackle t h e p r o b l
Page 218 and 219: T a b l e 5 . P r o j e c t e d a r
Page 220 and 221: eports of t h e N C A (1972; 1976c)
Page 222 and 223: T a b l e 7 . P h y s i c a l a n d
Page 224: t i m e l y supply of quality chemi
Page 227 and 228: Model I: Diffusion Model I I : Feed
Page 229 and 230: International ICRISAT More develope
Page 231 and 232: find that their linkage w i t h t h
Page 233 and 234: A s w e look t o t h e eighties, w
Page 236 and 237: Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
Page 238 and 239: countries, w h e r e p r o d u c t
Page 240 and 241: 26 24 Karnataka 22 2 0 Maharashtra
Page 242 and 243: to not result in vastly different c
Page 244 and 245: c o s t s represent 2 9 % of its na
Page 246 and 247: T a b l e 7 . S t a t e i n t e r v
Page 250 and 251: areas of t h e semi-arid tropics w
Page 252: VON OPPEN, M., and RAO, P. P. 1982.
Page 255 and 256: farmers. I am not sure that this ge
Page 257 and 258: t r u e in s o m e areas, but I can
Page 260 and 261: Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
Page 262: Session 9 Plenary Session Chairman:
Page 265 and 266: 2.1.4 N e e d for i m p r o v e d i
Page 267 and 268: taxa retain variation that w a s lo
Page 269 and 270: ing rice; s o r g h u m on l o w -
Page 272 and 273: Valedictory Speech A. H. Bunting* M
Page 274 and 275: in agriculture m a y be m a d e . "
Page 276: Appendix 1 Short Communications
Page 279 and 280: Results indicated that stover yield
Page 281 and 282: grain was assessed for grain mold b
Page 283 and 284: Mutational Studies in Sorghum C. S.
Page 285 and 286: The Contribution of IRAT to the Dev
Page 288 and 289: Poster Session The following papers
Page 290 and 291: The Starch for Apospory in Sorghum
Page 292 and 293: A Grain Yield Development in a Hybr
Page 294: Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Associated
Page 298 and 299:
Presentation of Award J. Roy Q u i
Page 300 and 301:
Lecture After Presentation of Award
Page 302 and 303:
prepared by Dr. M o r g a n , have
Page 304:
i n g s of t h e International S h
Page 307 and 308:
P a r t i c i p a n t s , I n t e r
Page 309 and 310:
India S. S. Adkoli Plant Pathology
Page 311 and 312:
B. B. Reddy Plant Breeding IARI Reg
Page 313 and 314:
O. Sidiba Institut du Sahel B.P. 15
Page 315 and 316:
Siwaporn Siwawej Food Science and T
Page 317 and 318:
W. H. M. Morris Agricultural Econom
Page 319 and 320:
P E A R L MIILLET T R A I N I N G D
Page 322:
I C R I S A T International Crops R
show all

RA 00048.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?