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Resource Manual on IPPM in Vegetable World Education Philippines, Inc. Name: Paecilomyces sp. Host pictured: Plutella xylostella Host range: Unknown Description: Hyphae are white and form a thick mat over the entire host. This fungus is characterized by having stalks (synnemata) which are clubbed or enlarged at the tips. White oval spores are formed in clumps on the surface of these clubbed structures. Viruses Viruses have been isolated mostly from larvae of moths. All of the ones reported are nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs). NPVs are very effective natural regulating agents, especially when larval populations are high. These viruses can spread rapidly through populations and cause dramatic epizootics. Description: In late stages of infection, larvae infected with NPV turn white and become swollen and sluggish. Just before they die, the larvae climb to the tops of the plants and attach themselves to leaves by their prolegs. After death, the larvae quickly turn brown or black, the internal contents become liquefied, and the integument becomes very fragile. The integument ruptures, releasing the liquid contents which contain millions of polyhedral bodies of the virus. If this liquid is examined with a compound microscope, the polyhedral bodies can be seen as bright refractile bodies. In the field, this viruscontaining liquid is spread over the plant and is fed on by other larvae. Larvae die within 4-7 days after ingesting the virus. NPVs for a number of caterpillar pests, including Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera exigua, have been developed and used successfully as microbial insecticides. Name: Thysanoplusia orichalcea NPV (ThorNPV) Host pictured: T. orichalcea Host range: Several species of Plusiinae (loopers) There are two distinct NPVs of T. orichalcea that can be only distinguished by examining the polyhedral bodies (PIBs) with a compound microscope. One has small pyramid-shaped PIBs and the other has large, irregular-shaped PIBs. Both cause similar symptoms in the host. The pyramid-shaped NPV is the one found most frequently in the field. It is a very effective regulating agent in looper populations, especially in carrots and potatoes. The picture below shows a live looper in the late stages of virus infection and a recently-killed larva hanging by its prolegs. 138
Resource Manual on IPPM in Vegetable World Education Philippines, Inc. Name: Spodopters litura NPV (SINPV) Host pictured: S. litura This is a typical NPV with large irregular-shaped polyhedra. It is not found frequently in the field under natural conditions, but it is quite effective in reducing larval populations when applied as a microbial agent. The picture shows a virus-killed larva with the liquid contents leaking out through a break in the integument. Name: Spodoptera exigua NPV (SeNPV) Host pictured: S. exigua Host range: Specific for S. exigua This is a typical NPV with large irregular-shaped polyhedra.This virus is not common as a nature regulating agent, but has been very effective as microbial agent, especially in shallots in Indonesia. Protozoa Most protozoan pathogens reported from Lepidoptera are members of the microsporidia group. They are characterized by the production of larger numbers of spores which accumulate in the fat body and blood of the host larva. Spores in the blood can easily be seen with a compound microscope. They are oval and refractile. Externally, infected larvae turn white due to the accumulation of large numbers of spores in the tissues. At this stage, larvae appear similar to those infected by NPVs. However microsporidian disease takes longer to kill the larvae than do viruses. A larva may remain alive for 7-10 days. An NPV-infected larva that has reached the white stage usually dies within 24 hours. Also, the integument of a microsporidian-infected larva does not become fragile as with NPV infection. Because of the chronic nature of microsporidian infections, these pathogens are often overlooked in surveys for natural enemies. However, they are quite common and probably play an important role in population suppression. Name: Microsporidian of Spodoptera exigua Host pictured: S. exigua Host range: Unknown Extensive surveys for natural enemies of this pest in Indonesia, reveal that this has been the most common pathogen. Infection levels by this protozoan pathogen have been as high as 20% in some locations. 139
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Resource Manual on Integrated Produ
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Compiled and published by: World Ed
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ACKNOWLEDGM ENT World Education (IN
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1. Leaves 48 2. Flower 49 3. Fruit
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Sources 203 Part XII: Farm Record K
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