(IPPM) in Vegetables - Vegetableipmasia.org

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Resource Manual on IPPM in Vegetable World Education Philippines, Inc. 4. Stems Stems carry water and nutrients taken up by the roots to the leaves, and then the food produced by the leaves moves to other parts of the plant. The cells that do this work are called the xylem cells (move water) and phloem cells (move food). Stems also provide support for the plant by allowing the leaves to reach the sunlight they need to produce food. 5. Roots and Plant Vessels The roots help provide support by anchoring the plant and absorbing water and nutrients needed for growth. They can also store sugars and carbohydrates that the plant uses to carry out other functions. Plants can have either a taproot system (such as carrots) or a fibrous root system (such as turf grass). In both cases, the roots are the links between the water and nutrients needed for plant growth. Roots can be characterized as - · Carbon pumps that feed soil organisms and contribute to soil organic matter · Storage organs · Chemical factories that may change soil pH; poison competitors; filter out toxins; and concentrate rare elements, etc. · A sensor network that helps regulate plant growth · Absorptive network for limiting soil resources of water and nutrients · Mechanical structures that support plants, strengthen soil, construct channels, break rocks, etc. · Hydraulic conduits that redistribute soil water and nutrients · Habitats for mycorrhizal fungi, rhizosphere and rhizoplane organisms 50
Resource Manual on IPPM in Vegetable World Education Philippines, Inc. Root Functions Water Uptake: Roots take water from the capillary spaces between soil particles. This function is carried out by the young portions of the roots at the location of minimal cutinization of the epidermis and at maximum surface area. This location is found in the root-hair zone just proximal from the growing root tip. Thus roots take in their water through very fine roots located at the drip-line of the plant's canopy. Mineral Uptake: Root hairs are responsible for initiating and maintaining action exchange relationships with microscopic soil particles. Here the root hair secretes hydrogen ions onto the soil particle, exchanging them for mineral ions (calcium, magnesium, iron, etc.). Then the root removes those minerals from the soil water surrounding the soil particle. Conduction of water and minerals: Roots contain xylem to conduct water from the soil up the plant and out through the leaves. These xylem tracheids and/or vessels are connected to others in end-to-end design allowing soil water and minerals to be lifted up to the leaves. The evaporation of water from the leaves is the major pull of water through the xylem, but roots can also develop "root pressure" osmotically when the soil is well-watered and the plant has sufficient reserves. Evaporation of water from the soil/mineral solution bathing the leaf mesophyll cells concentrates the minerals for use by the plant as enzyme cofactors, etc. Roots also contain phloem to conduct photosynthate from the leaves to the root tips. The metabolism of roots growing in the dark of the soil is essentially dependent upon respiration. This process requires carbohydrate or other organic molecules as fuel. It also requires a supply of oxygen, which is why soil needs to drain well for good plant growth. There are two types of vessels in plants: Xylem -- are vessels that take water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and the leaves. Phloem -- takes inorganic substances and sugars from the leaves to the parts of the leaves that require them e.g. the flowers, fruits and roots. Xylem travels only upwards, whereas phloem travels in both directions. 51
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Resource Manual on Integrated Produ
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Compiled and published by: World Ed
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ACKNOWLEDGM ENT World Education (IN
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1. Leaves 48 2. Flower 49 3. Fruit
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