(IPPM) in Vegetables - Vegetableipmasia.org

Resource Manual on IPPM in Vegetable
World Education Philippines, Inc.
Principles of Primary Production
In the analysis of primary (and also secondary) production systems, the production level
is influenced by three categories of growth factors:
1. Growth-defining factors determine the potential yield, which is realized when
crops grow with an ample supply of water, nutrients and other resources in the
absence of weeds, pests, diseases or other injurious factors. Growth defining
factors include site-specific environment variables, such as temperature and
incident radiation, which depend on latitude and day of the year, and speciesspecific
characteristics concerning physiology and geometry of the leaves and
roots, and phenology. Phenology refers to the time of development, which
depends on the environmental factors such as temperature and daylength.
Situations where potential growth rates are reached are rare, and may occur only
in protected cultivation.
2. Growth-limiting factors comprise abiotic resources essential to crop growth such
as water and nutrients, which limit the growth rate of the crop to a value below
the maximum when their supply is sub-optimal. The associated yield level is
called attainable production.
3. Growth-reducing factors either hinder crop growth or affect the crop itself. Due
to these factors crop production is reduced from the attainable yield level to the
actual yield level, referred to as actual production. Growth-reducing factors
include both biotic (weeds, pests, and diseases) and abiotic (pollutants of air,
water, and soil and extreme weather conditions) factors.
Table 9. Strategies, Tactics, and the Relative Sequence of Tactical Implementation
Necessary to Develop and Implement a Successful IPM Program
Prevent or Avoid Pests and their Damage
‣ Maintain vigorous, healthy plants by using proper culture and management
practices.
‣ Practice IPPM and realize that all culture and management factors can affect pests.
‣ Use plant host resistance; select and grow cultivars or species that have fewer pests.
‣ Scout plants for pests, use phenology records and thresholds to make spray
decisions.
‣ Use soaps, oils and biologicals (least toxic chemicals) whenever possible.
‣ Spot spray only infected plants that exceed the threshold.
‣ Destroy heavily infested or injured plants.
‣ Match beneficial species to pest and plant.
Use Host Plant Resistance
‣ Determine the pest profile of target species and cultivars in the target habitat.
‣ Grow and evaluate the germplasm under the range of conditions to which it will be
exposed.
‣ Select species or cultivars with lowest numbers of pest.
‣ Determine the effects of culture and management practices interacting with the
environment on pest occurrence (plant x environment interactions).
‣ Determine the impact of different cultivars on beneficials.
‣ Grow the less susceptible stock and monitor it for efficacy of tolerance/resistance.
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