(IPPM) in Vegetables - Vegetableipmasia.org

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Resource Manual on IPPM in Vegetable World Education Philippines, Inc. Powdery mildew Leveillula taurica (Lev) Arnaud Oidiopsis taurica Tepper Bacterial Spot Xantomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Alternaria leaf spot Alternaria brassicae Legumes Parsley solanaceous Crucifers Cucurbits brassicae fast on older leaves and progress then on younger leaves as the disease develops. · The spots soon become roughly circular and have gray centers surrounded by darker margins. Later the centers show tiny dark specks where spores of the fungus are produced. The leaves may become dry and may later fall off the plant. · Initial symptoms are small, white powdery spots that first appear on the upper surface of the leaflets and soon become evident on both surfaces. · Affected tissues turn yellow. In serious cases, the mildew covers the entire leaf until it shrivels and dies. The disease progresses from the older to younger leaves. The pathogen also affects stem, petioles and floral parts. · Leaf lesions begin as watersoak, circular to irregularlyshaped spots that become necrotic with brown centers and chlorotic borders. · More numerous on young than old leaves. Lesions are slightly sunken on the upper leaf surface and slightly raised on the lower surface. Lesions sometimes coalesce and severely infected leaves turn yellow and drop. · Fruit symptoms start as water-soaked brown dots and then become raised, wart-like in appearance surrounded by a lighter halo. Narrow, elongated lesions or streaks may develop on stems. · Symptoms of alternaria leaf spot usually appear on the older leaves of the cabbage plant. The spots begin as black pinpoint-sized spots and enlarge to distinct brownblack leaf spots of 1-2 cm diameter with concentric rings and sometimes yellow area around the spot. · The concentric rings contain avoided by using pathogen-free seeds, crop rotation and sanitation. Cool weather slows disease development. Use of fungicides can reduce the rate of disease increase. · Treat seeds with hot water before sowing. · The use of sprinkler irrigation and fungicidal spray can help in reducing the development of the disease. · The bacterium can be seed-borne and persists in crop debris and weeds. Warm temperatures, sprinkle irrigation or heavy rains enhance the severity of the disease. Seed cleaning along with crop rotation, helps in the prevention of disease outbreaks, while copper compound sprays reduce the rate of disease development. · To prevent the occurrence of the disease, use clean seed that is treated in hot water of 50oC for 30 minutes. This will kill spores that are attached to the seed. · Sanitation, destruction of cruciferous weeds and crop rotation also help reduce the development of the disease. When planting, orient rows in the direction of prevailing winds for 158
Resource Manual on IPPM in Vegetable World Education Philippines, Inc. Gray leaf spot Stemphylium solani Weber Cercospora Leaf mold Cercospora fuligena Roldan Early blight Alternaria solani Alternaria porri Solanaceous Cucurbits Legumes Cricifers Solanaceous the spores within which the fungus spreads. These have a dark and dusty appearance. Spores develop on the leaf spots during moist periods. Cool, wet weathers favor disease development. This is why leaf spot is usually not a problem during dry season, but it can be severe in the wet season. · This disease is limited to leaf blades. Initial symptoms include one to several minute brownish black specks that appear simultaneously on both surfaces of the leaf. · The central killed area changes from brownish black to grayish brown as the spots enlarge and these centers crack and partially drop out to give a shothole appearance. The entire leaf then turns yellow, droops, and eventually dies. Stemphylium spots are small, evenly distributed, almost circular, and show no concentric zonation in contrast to leaf spot. · First appear as brown effuse patches on the leaf undersurface. The corresponding upper surfaces turn yellow and later brown. · In advanced infection, the patches coalesce and become necrotic. Foliage of severely infected plants dries up and dies. · Symptoms may also occur on petioles and young succulent stems, but have not been reported on fruit. · The disease progresses from older to younger leaves. · All above ground parts of the plant can be affected with circular brown spots with dark concentric rings and yellow margins. They occur singly or in large numbers on each leaf and form first on older lower leaves. It is better circulation of air through the foliage and use planting site and plant spacing pattern that expose plants to full sun throughout the day. Avoid over crowding of plants. · Avoid working in the fields while the plants are wet to reduce spread of the disease. Plowing immediately after harvest helps eliminate the sources of airborne Alternaria and encourages the rapid decomposition of crop residues. · Field sanitation and rotation practices such as those recommended for control of alternaria leaf spot can be used. · The pathogen survives in diseased plants parts where it produces spores at the beginning of the growing season. The application of fungicides and planting resistant varieties can reduce disease losses. · The fungus survives in soil, diseased plant debris or organic matter. The rate of infection can be reduced by crop rotation, maintaining plant vigor, crop rotation, minimizing injury to plants, limiting leaf-wetness periods and by use of broad- 159
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Resource Manual on Integrated Produ
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Compiled and published by: World Ed
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ACKNOWLEDGM ENT World Education (IN
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1. Leaves 48 2. Flower 49 3. Fruit
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Sources 203 Part XII: Farm Record K
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Resource Manual on IPPM in Vegetabl
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Resource Manual on IPPM in Rice Wor
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