(IPPM) in Vegetables - Vegetableipmasia.org

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Resource Manual on IPPM in Vegetable World Education Philippines, Inc. PART IV: PLANT PARTS AND FUNCTIONS A. Plant Parts and Functions 1. Leaves Leaves are the food-making factories of green plants. Leaves come in many different shapes and sizes. Leaves can be simple, that is made of a single leaf blade connected by a petiole to the stem (oak, maple), or compound, in which the leaf blade is divided into separate leaflets attached by a petiole to the stem (ash, locust). Leaves are made to catch light and they have openings to allow water and air to come and go. The outer surface of the leaf has a waxy coating called cuticle which protects the leaf. Veins carry water and nutrients within the leaf. Leaves are the site of the food making process called photosynthesis. In this process, carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll (the green pigment) and light energy are changed into glucose (a sugar). This energy-rich sugar is the source of food used by most plants. 48
Resource Manual on IPPM in Vegetable World Education Philippines, Inc. Photosynthesis is essential to green plants. Photosynthesis supplies food for the plant and oxygen for other forms of life. A green plant helps make the oxygen human need for survival. 2. Flowers Flowers not only look pretty but, in fact, are important in making seeds. Flowers have some basic parts. The female part is the pistil. The pistil is usually located at the center of the flower and is made up of three parts: the stigma, style, and ovary. The stigma is the sticky knob at the top of the pistil. It is attached to the long, tube-like structure called the style. The style leads to the ovary which contains the female egg cells called ovules. The male parts are called stamens which usually surround the pistil. The stamen is made up of two parts: the anther and filament. The anther produces pollen (male sperm cells) and the filament supports the anther. During the process of fertilization, pollen lands on the stigma, a tube grows down the style and enters the ovary. Male sperm cells travel down the tube and join the ovule to fertilize. The fertilized ovule becomes the seed and the ovary becomes the fruit. Petals are also important parts of the flower because they help attract pollinators such as bees, butterflies and bats. Tiny green leaf-like parts called sepals also appear at the base of the flower. They help protect the developing bud. Insects and other animals help some flowers become pollinated. 3. Fruit and Seeds The fruit is the ripened ovary of a plant containing the seeds. After fertilization, the ovary swells and becomes either fleshy or hard and dry to protect the developing seeds. Many fruits help seeds spread (maple seeds). Many things considered vegetables are really fruits (tomato, cucumber, beans). The seed, or matured ovule is made up of three parts. The embryo is a miniature plant in an arrested state of development. Most seeds contain a built-in food supply called the endosperm (orchid are an exception). The endosperm can be made up of proteins, carbohydrates or fats. The third part, a hard outer covering is called a seed coat. It protects the seed from diseases and insects, and prevents water from entering the seed which would initiate the germination process ahead of the proper time or prematurely. The endosperm is found in the plant's cotyledons. Plants with one cotyledon (like corn) are called monocots. Those with two cotyledons (like beans) are called dicots. Seeds become the plant's way of getting from one area to another. 49
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ACKNOWLEDGM ENT World Education (IN
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