(IPPM) in Vegetables - Vegetableipmasia.org

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Resource Manual on IPPM in Vegetable World Education Philippines, Inc. Late blight Phytophthora infestans Stem rot (Southern blight) Sclerotium rolfsii Sclerotinia stem rot Sclerotinia sclerotium Solanaceous Solanaceous Beans, carrots, pea, solanaceous possible for the entire plants to be defoliated and killed. · Symptom on seedlings is characterized by girdling of the stem near the soil level. Affected seedlings are stunted and may wilt and die. Fruit symptoms generally occur as black or darkbrown, oval to round spots commonly formed around the base of the calyx and may exhibit a concentric ring pattern. · Symptoms can appear on leaves, stems, and fruits. Small, greenish black, irregularly-shaped watersoaked lesions. Under favorable condition, they enlarge rapidly, darken, and shrivel that may kill the entire leaflets but remain attached to the plant. · In moist condition, a white downy growth of the fungus appears at the edge of lesions on the undersides of the leaves. This also appears as grayish-green, water-soaked lesion that enlarges until it covers the fruit surface. · Plant exhibits yellowing or wilting of the foliage beginning on the lower leaves. Dark brown lesion appears at the base of the stem. At the advance stage, a white threadlike mycelial growth covers the stem lesion. This extends upward depending on the amount of moisture present and moves downward destroying the root system of the plant. The white mycelium also grows over the soil to attack adjacent plants. Numerous globular light-to-dark brown sclerotial bodies about the size of a mustard seed are produced. Fruit or branches may become infected at the point of soil contact. · The disease can be recognized by a soft, watery rot with white moldy growth stems, petioles, and leaves of plants. Infection may start on spectrum fungicides and resistance. · Good cultural practices, such as removal of crop debris, destruction of volunteer plants, not planting near potato crops and not using seedlings grown in greenhouses where lateblight has been present will help reduce disease levels. Proper disposal of collected infected plant parts also helps. · Spray fungicides while the plants are still young if the weather favorable for lateblight development is present. Use resistant cultivars. · Sclerotia are its principal means of long-term survival in the absence of a host or suitable substrate. · Deep plowing to bury sclerotia along with the removal of plant debris and crop rotation reduces disease incidence. · Eradicating weeds, avoiding dense planting, and choosing fields with soil that is not acidic, high humus and well-drained soil are helpful control measures. · Rotation with non-susceptible crops (beets, onion, spinach, peanuts, corn) to lower disease incidence. Deep plowing will burry 160
Resource Manual on IPPM in Vegetable World Education Philippines, Inc. Club root Pseudomonas solanacearum Erw. F. Smith Tomato Mosaic Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Tomato mosaic Virus (ToMV) Cucumber mosaic Virus (CMV) Potato Virus Y (PVY) Crucifers Eggplant Beet, pepper, tomato, potato, spinach, turnip, tobacco leaves in contact with the soil and gradually may grow through the petiole to the stem and eventually girdle it. If conditions remain moist, a large amount of cottony, moldy growth can be seen on the dead tissue. As this growth progresses, hard black, irregularly-shaped bodies called sclerotia form on the surface or in the pith of the stem · The fungus causes swelling of the roots with characteristic club-like shapes and a reduction of fine lateral roots. These later reduce the roots ability to absorb water resulting to stunted growth and death of the plants under dry climatic conditions. · TMV causes plant stunting, leaf stunting, mottling, deformation and occasionally drying. Leaf symptoms include mottling with raised dark green areas and some distortion on young to youngest leaves. Leaf symptoms first appear on crown leaves, which turn downward, become rough, crinkled and may curl downward at the margins. Sometimes, green fruits are mottled. Affected plants may be stunted. · ToMV creates green mosaic and fern-leaf symptoms. Stunting of plants when attacked at early age. Some varieties exhibit severe defoliation. · CMV causes severe stunting. The leaves are moderately or severely malformed and the internodes become short. Some varieties have narrow leaves and malformed fruits · Use of resistant varieties. Select clubroot-free nursery soil that is well-drained. Do not transplant seedlings that have little clubs or swollen roots that do not look normal. · Remove weeds that can be a host of clubroot and other diseases. · Uproot infected plants including all the roots and destroy them. Apply lime to raise the pH level to around 7. Sterilize the soil to kill the spores of the fungus. Applying fungicides is not effective to control the fungus because the spores are very strong and may still be inside the plant roots. · Viruses are very persistent and infectious, and can be spread by merely brushing against plants. Infected seeds and crop debris often serve as primary sources of inoculum. These viruses can be eliminated from seed coats by soaking seeds in 12.5% solution of trisodium phosphate for 30 minutes. · During cultivation, disinfect hand or tools after working in an infected plot. Rogue out infected plants. Bury tomato debris in the soil as this disease can be transmitted by root contact. 161
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ACKNOWLEDGM ENT World Education (IN
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1. Leaves 48 2. Flower 49 3. Fruit
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Sources 203 Part XII: Farm Record K
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