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Resource Manual on IPPM in Rice World Education Philippines, Inc. soil sample representing an area of as much as 10 hectares, only a few grams are used in the actual analysis. Soil analysis can be done using a simple tool or Soil Test Kit (STK) for qualitative analysis for soil pH, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium or by running a complete chemical analysis in the soil laboratories. Both these tests are tools to help farmers make decisions on how best to prepare the land to provide what the plants need. The result of the analysis is only a piece of information used by technologies in making fertilizer recommendations. This information however, is not sufficient for the farmers to arrive at an intelligent decision. It should go hand in hand with field experiments or trials and with proper understanding of the different aspects of crop production both biotic and abiotic factors. 1. Proper Soil Sampling The main objective of soil sampling is to collect a small amount of soil sample weighing about one half kg that will represent the soil in a large area, e.g., one hectare furrow slice that weighs about 2 million kilogram. Since only a small amount of soil sample is used in chemical analysis and results are projected for a large quantity of soil, the accuracy of soil testing depends largely on proper soil sampling. The rooting habit of plants must also be considered. For crops with shallow rooting depth, samples collected from the surface layer (20-30 cm) will suffice. For deep-rooted crops soil samples must be collected up to the subsoil (approximately 20-26 cm). Using the most common farm tools and materials such as shovel or spade, knife or trowel, small pail and plastic bags, the following are steps on proper soil sampling technique. a. Make a map of the Farm showing Sampling Areas (SA). Divide the farm into sampling areas. Each sampling area should be more or less uniform in cropping history, past lime and fertilizer treatments, slope degree of erosion, soil texture, and color. Each SA should not be more than 5 hectares. b. Collect Spot Soil Samples from each Sampling Area. In each sampling area dig from 5 to 10 pits and collect sample in each pit. The number of spot soil samples depends on the size of the sample. A spot sample is taken in the following manner: 1) Before digging the pit, clear the soil surface of litters and vegetation. 2) Using spade or shovel, dig a pit to a depth of 20-30 cm. 3) From one vertical side of the pit, take a slice of soil 2-3 cm thick with a single downward thrust of the spade. Using a knife or a trowel, trim the slice of soil on both sides to a bar 3-4 cm width. 4) Place this bar of soil (representing one spot soil sample) in a pail or any suitable clean container. 34
Resource Manual on IPPM in Rice World Education Philippines, Inc. 5) If subsoil sample is needed, take a bar of soil from the succeeding 20 to 30 cm soil depth. The subsoil and surface sample should be placed in separate containers. 6) Cover the pit and move to another spot. c. Take Composite Soil Sample After collecting all the spot soil samples of a particular sampling area, pulverize, mix thoroughly and remove stones and fresh leaves from the soil in the container. Place the composite soil sample (about ½ kg) in a clean plastic bag. After that, the composite soil sample, which represents the soil of the sampling area, is now ready for chemical analysis using a STK. This may also be sent to a soil testing laboratory with pertinent label and information. 1) Precautions in soil samples a) A sample should not represent more than ten hectares. b) One sample should include only areas which appear uniform with respect to the following: · Past lime, fertilizer, or manure treatments · Low spots · Slope and degree of erosion · Cropping history · Soil texture · Organic matter content · Color c) Avoid unusual area as gullies, bare spots, or old fertilizer bands. If sampled, do them separately. Do not mix different soils. 2) Supply soil and crop data It is important that the soil technologists who make the recommendation know the past management practices used on the land and the proposed crop to be grown. The farmer should send the following information along with the soil sample. a) Kinds of crops grown during the preceding 3-5 years b) Crop intended to be grown or planted c) Kind and amount of fertilizers used in the past d) Time when the soil was last limed e) Slope and extent of erosion 3) Conduct a chemical test Most soil testing laboratories conduct analyses on pH and or lime requirement, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, organic matter, nitrogen in various forms, and certain trace elements. 35
Page 1 and 2: Resource Manual on Integrated Produ
Page 3 and 4: Compiled and published by: World Ed
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGM ENT World Education (IN
Page 7 and 8: 1. Leaves 48 2. Flower 49 3. Fruit
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