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Resource Manual on IPPM in Vegetable World Education Philippines, Inc. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM): CONCEPTS, PRINCIPLES, AND RESEARCH Integrated Pest Management (IPM) began in the mid 1950s as Integrated Control which is the integration of biological and chemical controls into a cohesive pest management system. Years later, several aspects were added to the original concept resulting to what is now called IPM philosophy. IPM is the selection, integration, and implementation of pest control that is ecologically sound, economically viable and socially acceptable. There are several principles involved in IPM. One is that a species is not a pest unless it exceeds tolerable level. In the field, most plant feeders and natural enemies live in a system where population levels are tolerable; rarely reaching an outbreak proportion. However, resurgence in population due to application of broad spectrum insecticide occurs as in the case of the brown plant hopper (BPH) in rice. Another principle is that the ecosystem is the management unit. Any intervention or manipulation will affect not only one species but the whole community of organisms that live in it. A very important principle is that natural control should be maximized. Natural control is the suppression of a population by forces of the environment that includes physical and biological factors (predators, parasitoids, and pathogens). There are rich communities of natural enemies that can be found inside the crop ecosystem. The overall objective of IPM research is to reduce yield losses due to pests. In attaining this objective, research should focus on important concerns: (a) Profit; (b) Health and safety; (c) Environment; and, (d) Ecological stability and sustainability. It is important to plan research activities according to the different concerns. IPM also deals about socio-economics. If a technology is uneconomical or unacceptable to the farmers, then the implementation is difficult. Production Situation P o t e n t i a l P r o d u c t i o n D e f i n i n g f a c t o r s R a d i a t i o n T e m p e r a t u r e C r o p c h a r a c t e r is t i c s P h y s i o l o g y , p h e n o l o g y C a n o p y a r c h i t e c t u r e A t t a i n a b l e P r o d u c t i o n A c t u a l P r o d u c t i o n Y i e ld I n c r e a s i n g m e a s u r e s L i m i t i n g f a c t o r s R e d u c i n g f a c to r s W a t e r N u t r i e n t s M i c r o e l e m e n t s M a c r o e l e m e n t s W e e d s I n s e c t p e s t s D i s e a s e s p o l l u t a n t s p r o t e c t i n g m e a s u r e s 1 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ( K g / h a ) Production level Schematic overview of production situations with corresponding yield levels and factors that influence crop growth (Lovenstein, 1992) 144
Resource Manual on IPPM in Vegetable World Education Philippines, Inc. Principles of Primary Production In the analysis of primary (and also secondary) production systems, the production level is influenced by three categories of growth factors: 1. Growth-defining factors determine the potential yield, which is realized when crops grow with an ample supply of water, nutrients and other resources in the absence of weeds, pests, diseases or other injurious factors. Growth defining factors include site-specific environment variables, such as temperature and incident radiation, which depend on latitude and day of the year, and speciesspecific characteristics concerning physiology and geometry of the leaves and roots, and phenology. Phenology refers to the time of development, which depends on the environmental factors such as temperature and daylength. Situations where potential growth rates are reached are rare, and may occur only in protected cultivation. 2. Growth-limiting factors comprise abiotic resources essential to crop growth such as water and nutrients, which limit the growth rate of the crop to a value below the maximum when their supply is sub-optimal. The associated yield level is called attainable production. 3. Growth-reducing factors either hinder crop growth or affect the crop itself. Due to these factors crop production is reduced from the attainable yield level to the actual yield level, referred to as actual production. Growth-reducing factors include both biotic (weeds, pests, and diseases) and abiotic (pollutants of air, water, and soil and extreme weather conditions) factors. Table 9. Strategies, Tactics, and the Relative Sequence of Tactical Implementation Necessary to Develop and Implement a Successful IPM Program Prevent or Avoid Pests and their Damage ‣ Maintain vigorous, healthy plants by using proper culture and management practices. ‣ Practice IPPM and realize that all culture and management factors can affect pests. ‣ Use plant host resistance; select and grow cultivars or species that have fewer pests. ‣ Scout plants for pests, use phenology records and thresholds to make spray decisions. ‣ Use soaps, oils and biologicals (least toxic chemicals) whenever possible. ‣ Spot spray only infected plants that exceed the threshold. ‣ Destroy heavily infested or injured plants. ‣ Match beneficial species to pest and plant. Use Host Plant Resistance ‣ Determine the pest profile of target species and cultivars in the target habitat. ‣ Grow and evaluate the germplasm under the range of conditions to which it will be exposed. ‣ Select species or cultivars with lowest numbers of pest. ‣ Determine the effects of culture and management practices interacting with the environment on pest occurrence (plant x environment interactions). ‣ Determine the impact of different cultivars on beneficials. ‣ Grow the less susceptible stock and monitor it for efficacy of tolerance/resistance. 145
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