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Energy: Supply, Demand, and Impacts 265—. 2010. Water power for a clean energy future. Report No. DOE/GO-102010-3066. N.p.: DOE, Officeof Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/water/pdfs/48104.pdf.—. 2011. U.S. billion-ton update: Biomass supply for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry. ORNL/TM-2011/224. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory.Vicuña, S., R. Leonardson, M. W. Hanemann, L. L. Dale, and J. A. Dracup. 2008. Climate changeimpacts on high elevation hydropower generation in California’s Sierra Nevada: A casestudy in the upper American River. Climatic Change 87: S123–S137.Wei, M., J. H. Nelson, M. Ting, C. Yang, D. Kammen, C. Jones, A. Mileva, J. Johnston and R. Bharvirkar.2012. California’s carbon challenge: Scenarios for achieving 80% emissions reductions in2050. Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.Welsh, R., S. Grimberg, G. W. Gillespie, and M. Swindal. 2010. Technoscience, anaerobic digestertechnology and the dairy industry: Factors influencing North country New York dairyfarmer views on alternative energy technology. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems25:1701–1780.Westerling, A. L., B. P. Bryant, H. K. Preisler, H. G. Hidalgo, T. Das, and S. R. Shrestha. 2009.Climate change, growth and California wildfire. Draft Paper CEC-500-2009-046D. Sacramento:California Climate Change Center.Western Governors’ Association. 2010. Policy resolution 10-15: Transmission and the electricpower system. http://www.westgov.org/energy.—. 2011. Policy resolution 11-7: Water resource management in the West. http://www.westgov.org/initiatives/water.Western Resource Advocates. 2009. Water on the rocks: Oil shale water rights in Colorado. Boulder,CO: Western Resource Advocates. http://www.westernresourceadvocates.org/land/wotrreport/index.php.Wilbanks, T. J., V. Bhatt, D. E. Bilello, S. R. Bull, J. Ekmann, W. C. Horak, Y. J. Huang, et al. 2007.Effects of climate change on energy production and use in the United States. Synthesis and AssessmentProduct 4.5; Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the subcommitteeon Global Change Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, Office ofBiological and Environmental Research.EndnotesiiiiiiivvviIncludes biofuel-based transportation fuels and electricity generated with renewable energy (e.g.,solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, hydroelectric).Several reports have considered potential climate impacts on the energy industry at the nationaland international levels (e.g., Karl, Melillo, and Peterson 2009; Beard et al. 2010; Ebinger andVergara 2011). Here we direct attention to the Southwest region of the United States.These projections are similar to estimates presented in another recent study of California peakloads and climate change (Miller et al. 2007), which projects 90th percentile peak demand increasesof 6.2% to 19.2 % under the IPCC’s (2007) high-emissions scenario.Non-potable sources are now required in California for new permitting of thermoelectric wateruse (California Water Code, Section 13552).An 86°F (30°C) ambient temperature approximately corresponds to a 248°F (120°C) hot spot conductortemperature at a typical transformer (Swift et al. 2001).Caution needs to be taken, however, as the analysis by Sathaye and colleagues (2011) was conductedat a scoping level and site-specific analyses are necessary to determine actual risks.
266 assessment of climate change in the southwest united statesviiThe authors caution about the reliability of these reported trends, however, given the potentialproblems with the wind measurements due to such factors as changes in the location of the monitoringstations, degradation in the performance of the instruments used to measure wind speed,and changes in land use close to the monitoring stations.
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National Climate Assessment Regiona
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Assessment of Climate Changein the
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Abbreviations and AcronymsxiiiNIDIS
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WEATHER AND CLIMATE OF THE SOUTHWES
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Airport infrastructure 182Vehicular
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Wildfires 317Permissive ecology 317
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20.2 Developing Research Strategies
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2 assessment of climate change in t
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Chapter 4Present Weather and Climat
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Chapter 5Present Weather and Climat
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Chapter 7Future Climate: Projected
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136 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
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Chapter 8Natural EcosystemsCoordina
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Chapter 9Coastal IssuesCoordinating
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Page 244 and 245: Agriculture and Ranching 221water (
Page 246 and 247: Agriculture and Ranching 223additio
Page 248 and 249: Agriculture and Ranching 225Irrigat
Page 250 and 251: Agriculture and Ranching 227may exa
Page 252 and 253: Agriculture and Ranching 229Dry war
Page 254 and 255: Agriculture and Ranching 231River w
Page 256 and 257: Agriculture and Ranching 233decline
Page 258 and 259: Agriculture and Ranching 235Another
Page 260 and 261: Agriculture and Ranching 237Howitt,
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Page 264 and 265: Energy: Supply, Demand, and Impacts
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Page 292 and 293: Urban Areas 269• Monitoring for c
Page 294 and 295: Urban Areas 271Figure 13.3 FEMA 100
Page 296 and 297: Urban Areas 273Urban processes that
Page 298 and 299: Urban Areas 275Figure 13.7 Embodied
Page 300 and 301: Urban Areas 277Atmospheric CO 2conc
Page 302 and 303: Urban Areas 279infrastructure to ha
Page 304 and 305: Urban Areas 281Figure 13.10 Per cap
Page 306 and 307: Urban Areas 283in high-fire-zone ar
Page 308 and 309: Urban Areas 285California, such inv
Page 310 and 311: Urban Areas 287Figure 13.14 Number
Page 312 and 313: Figure 13.16 Average annual rainfal
Page 314 and 315: Urban Areas 291that may then become
Page 316 and 317: Urban Areas 293Eidlin, E. 2010. Wha
Page 318 and 319: Urban Areas 295Quevauviller, P. 201
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Page 322 and 323: Transportation 299This chapter begi
Page 324 and 325: Transportation 301Transportation se
Page 326 and 327: Transportation 303Other needed chan
Page 328 and 329: Transportation 305Table 14.2 Potent
Page 330 and 331: Transportation 307Disruptions to th
Page 332 and 333: Transportation 309ReferencesAlpert,
Page 334 and 335: Transportation 311Seager, R., M. Ti
Page 336 and 337: Human Health 313establish policy gu
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Human Health 315Figure 15.1 Hazy vi
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Human Health 317Heat waves (periods
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Human Health 319expected to be more
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Human Health 321Figure 15.52010 Wil
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Human Health 323by climate in multi
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Human Health 325Figure 15.6 Duststo
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Human Health 327throughout the year
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Human Health 329Box 15.2Linking Dat
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Human Health 331Co-benefitsThough t
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Human Health 333Davis, D. H. S. 195
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Human Health 335Jack, D. W., and P.
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Human Health 337Parmenter, R. R., E
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Human Health 339Vedal, S., and S. J
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Climate Change and U.S.-Mexico Bord
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Chapter 17Unique Challenges FacingS
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Unique Challenges Facing Southweste
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Chapter 18Climate Choices for a Sus
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Climate Choices for a Sustainable S
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Moving Forward with Imperfect Infor
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Research Strategies for Addressing
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GlossaryA2 - a greenhouse gas emiss
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Glossary 485or drift) from an exter
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Glossary 487crassulacean acid metab
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Glossary 489evapotranspiration - th
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Glossary 491heating degree days - a
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Glossary 493misery days - days wher
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Glossary 495peer-review - the revie
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Glossary 497sediment load - the amo
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Glossary 499knowledge. Two primary
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Authors and Review EditorsChapter 1
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Authors and Review Editors 503Cruz)
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Authors and Review Editors 505Chapt
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Assessment of Climate Change in the
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