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The Changing Southwest 53ReferencesAckerly, D. D., S. R. Loarie, W. K. Cornwell, S. B. Weiss, H. Hamilton, R. Branciforte, and N. J. B.Kraft. 2010. The geography of climate change: Implications for conservation biogeography.Diversity and Distributions 16:476–487.Bentz, B. J., J. Régnière, C. J. Fettig, E. M. Hansen, J. L. Hayes, J. A. Hicke, R. G. Kelsey, J. F.Negrón, and S. J. Seybold. 2010. Climate change and bark beetles of the western UnitedStates and Canada: Direct and indirect effects. BioScience 60:602–613.Bierwagen, B. G., D. M. Theobald, C. R. Pyke, A. Choate, P. Groth, J. V. Thomas, and P. Morefield.2010. National housing and impervious surface scenarios for integrated climate impactassessments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:20887–20892.Hunt, C. B. 1974. Natural regions of the United States and Canada. New York: W. H. Freeman.Lang, R. E., and A. C. Nelson. 2007. The rise of the megapolitans. Planning 73 (1): 7–12.Loveland, T. R., T. L. Sohl, S. V. Stehman, A. L. Gallant, K. L. Sayler, and D. E. Napton. 2002. Astrategy for estimating the rates of recent United States land-cover changes. PhotogrammetricEngineering and Remote Sensing 68:1091–1099.Nakićenović, N., and R. Swart, eds. 2000. Special report on emissions scenarios: A special report ofWorking Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.Radeloff, V. C., R. B. Hammer, S. I. Stewart, J. S. Fried, S. S. Holcomb, and J. F. McKeefry. 2005.The wildland-urban interface in the United States. Ecological Applications 15:799–805.Smith, J. B., and W. R. Travis. 2010. Adaptation to climate change in public lands management. IssueBrief 10-04. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future. http://www.rff.org/RFF/Documents/RFF-IB-10-04.pdf.Theobald, D. M. 2001. Land use dynamics beyond the American urban fringe. GeographicalReview 91:544–564.Theobald, D. M. 2005. Landscape patterns of exurban growth in the USA from 1980 to 2020.Ecology and Society 10 (1): 32. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol10/iss1/art32/.Theobald, D. M., and W. H. Romme. 2007. Expansion of the US wildland-urban interface. Landscapeand Urban Planning 83:340–354.Travis, W. R. 2007. New geographies of the American west: Land use and the changing patterns of place.Washington, DC: Island Press.U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), National Gap Analysis Program. 2010. National land cover: Version 1.AppendixSee following page.
54 assessment of climate change in the southwest united statesTable A3.1 List of ecological systems and groups, modified from USGSSouthwest regionGroup (L1)AlpineCliff-canyon-talusDevelopedDisturbedForestGrasslandShrublandSparse-barrenWaterWetland-riparianEcological systemsAlpine sparse/barrenAlpine grasslandCliff, canyon and talusUrban/built-upCroplandMiningRecently burnedIntroduced vegetationOther disturbed or modifiedDeciduous-dominated forest and woodlandMixed deciduous/coniferous forest and woodlandConifer-dominated forest and woodlandMontane grasslandLowland grassland and prairieSand prairie, coastal grasslands and lomasWet meadow or prairieScrub shrublandSteppeChaparralDeciduous-dominated savanna and gladeConifer-dominated savannaSagebrush-dominated shrublandDeciduous-dominated shrublandBeach, shore and sandBluff and badlandOther sparse and barrenRivers, lakes, reservoirsPlaya, wash, and mudflatSalt, brackish & estuary wetlandFreshwater herbaceous marshFreshwater forested marsh or swampBog or fenDepressional wetlandFloodplain and riparianSource: USGS (2010).
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National Climate Assessment Regiona
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Assessment of Climate Changein the
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Abbreviations and AcronymsxiiiNIDIS
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WEATHER AND CLIMATE OF THE SOUTHWES
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Airport infrastructure 182Vehicular
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Wildfires 317Permissive ecology 317
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20.2 Developing Research Strategies
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Chapter 7Future Climate: Projected
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136 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
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Chapter 8Natural EcosystemsCoordina
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Chapter 9Coastal IssuesCoordinating
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Chapter 11Agriculture and RanchingC
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Agriculture and Ranching 221water (
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Agriculture and Ranching 223additio
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Agriculture and Ranching 225Irrigat
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Agriculture and Ranching 227may exa
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Agriculture and Ranching 229Dry war
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Agriculture and Ranching 231River w
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Agriculture and Ranching 233decline
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Agriculture and Ranching 235Another
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Agriculture and Ranching 237Howitt,
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Agriculture and Ranching 239Torell,
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Energy: Supply, Demand, and Impacts
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Chapter 13Urban AreasCoordinating L
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Urban Areas 269• Monitoring for c
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Urban Areas 271Figure 13.3 FEMA 100
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Urban Areas 273Urban processes that
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Urban Areas 275Figure 13.7 Embodied
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Urban Areas 277Atmospheric CO 2conc
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Urban Areas 279infrastructure to ha
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Urban Areas 281Figure 13.10 Per cap
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Urban Areas 283in high-fire-zone ar
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Urban Areas 285California, such inv
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Urban Areas 287Figure 13.14 Number
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Figure 13.16 Average annual rainfal
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Urban Areas 291that may then become
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Urban Areas 293Eidlin, E. 2010. Wha
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Urban Areas 295Quevauviller, P. 201
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Chapter 14TransportationCoordinatin
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Transportation 299This chapter begi
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Transportation 301Transportation se
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Transportation 303Other needed chan
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Transportation 305Table 14.2 Potent
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Transportation 307Disruptions to th
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Transportation 309ReferencesAlpert,
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Transportation 311Seager, R., M. Ti
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Human Health 313establish policy gu
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Human Health 315Figure 15.1 Hazy vi
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Human Health 317Heat waves (periods
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Human Health 319expected to be more
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Human Health 321Figure 15.52010 Wil
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Human Health 323by climate in multi
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Human Health 325Figure 15.6 Duststo
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Human Health 327throughout the year
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Human Health 329Box 15.2Linking Dat
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Human Health 331Co-benefitsThough t
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Human Health 333Davis, D. H. S. 195
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Human Health 335Jack, D. W., and P.
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Human Health 337Parmenter, R. R., E
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Human Health 339Vedal, S., and S. J
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Climate Change and U.S.-Mexico Bord
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Chapter 17Unique Challenges FacingS
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Unique Challenges Facing Southweste
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Chapter 18Climate Choices for a Sus
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Climate Choices for a Sustainable S
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Moving Forward with Imperfect Infor
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Research Strategies for Addressing
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GlossaryA2 - a greenhouse gas emiss
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Glossary 485or drift) from an exter
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Glossary 487crassulacean acid metab
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Glossary 489evapotranspiration - th
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Glossary 491heating degree days - a
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Glossary 493misery days - days wher
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Glossary 495peer-review - the revie
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Glossary 497sediment load - the amo
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Glossary 499knowledge. Two primary
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Authors and Review EditorsChapter 1
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Authors and Review Editors 503Cruz)
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Authors and Review Editors 505Chapt
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Assessment of Climate Change in the
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