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The Changing Southwest 43maintaining forest resources for future generations. Primary uses of National Forestsinclude timber harvesting, grazing, mineral extraction, and recreation. National WildlifeRefuges are administered by the USFWS, under the Department of the Interior. Refugesare managed under the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966with the stated goal of establishing a network of lands for conservation, management,and restoration of fish and wildlife resources. Although primarily managed for speciesconservation and restoration, refuges may also host extractive industries and recreation,including hunting and fishing. The NPS was created under the 1916 National Park ServiceAct, which instructed NPS to manage scenery and natural and historic resources“unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.” Individual units are managedunder the terms of specific laws establishing each park.A number of federal laws prescribe policies relevant to federal and other lands. TheWilderness Act of 1964, the Antiquities Act of 1906, and the National Landscape ConservationSystem Act of 2009 all provide additional legal authority to protect public lands.The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 requires agencies to review environmentalimpacts of major environmental actions, while the Endangered Species Act of 1973prohibits government and private actors from destroying habitat critical to the survivalof threatened and endangered species.Extractive resource use on federal lands is further guided by a number of laws, includingthe Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (regarding coal extraction),the General Mining Act of 1872 (regarding hardrock mining), the Mineral LeasingAct of 1920 (regarding oil and gas resources) and the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 (regardingsheep and cattle grazing).A central difficulty of the patchwork of laws, policies, and regulatory agencies is thatit poses a significant challenge to coordinate adaptation to climate change (althoughLandscape Conservation Cooperatives have recently been developed to address this issueunder the auspices of the USFWS). The problem is further compounded by the relativelyhigh levels of uncertainty associated with climate model predictions. A key is todevelop proactive strategies to anticipate change and to adaptively manage resourcesthroughout changing circumstances.PopulationThe Southwest hosted a permanent resident population of 56.2 million in 2010 (Table3.2). It has been the fastest-growing region of the nation for several decades as part ofthe so-called Sun-Belt Migration that began in earnest in the 1970s. The Interior Westtopped the national charts of population growth over the last two decades (1990–2010),with Nevada, Arizona, Utah, and Colorado comprising the four fastest-growing statesin the country. The Southwest grew by 37%, from 41.2 to 56.2 million residents, during1990–2010, compared to a national growth rate of 24% (1.2% annualized).Growth in the region is concentrated in the metropolitan areas, and several Southwesterncities (most notably Las Vegas and Phoenix) have been among the fastest growingin the United States over the past two decades. The region is slightly more urbanizedthan much of the nation, with 82% of the population residing in urban areas comparedto a national average of 78%. (See further discussion of the Southwest’s urban areas inChapter 13.)
44 assessment of climate change in the southwest united statesTable 3.1 Federal laws and policies relevant to federal and other lands in the SouthwestFederal Law(Year Enacted)Land Base orResource CoveredRelevant AgencyOverarching GoalPOLICIES GUIDING FEDERAL LAND MANAGEMENT AGENCIESNational Park ServiceOrganic Act (1916)National Parks andother park unitsNPS“Conserve the scenery and naturaland historic objects and wild life …unimpaired for the enjoyment offuture generations”National Wildlife RefugeSystem AdministrationAct (1966)National WildlifeRefugesUSFWS (on-shoreresources); NOAA(offshore resources)Conservation, management, andrestoration of speciesFederal Land Policy andLand Management Act(1976)National Forest ManagementAct (1976)BLM Lands BLM Multiple use to best meet thepresent and future needs of theAmerican peopleNational Forests USFS Integrated planning for sustainedmultiple uses of renewableresourcesADDITIONAL LAWS PROTECTING PUBLIC LANDSAntiquities Act (1906) National Monuments Primarily NPS, alsoincluding USFS andBLMPreservation of resources of“historic or scientific interest”Wilderness Act (1964)Specified federalpublic landsPrimarily USFS,BLM, and NPSPreservation of lands with wildernesscharacteristicsNational LandscapeConservation SystemAct (2009)Specified federalpublic landsNPS, USFS, and BLMConservation, protection, andrestoration of nationally significantwestern public lands withoutstanding natural, cultural, orscientific valuesLAWS PROTECTING WILDLIFE AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT POLICIESNational EnvironmentalPolicy Act (1969)Any major federalactionAll federal agenciesRequires review of environmentalimpacts resulting from any majorfederal actionEndangered Species Act(1973)Threatened andendangered speciesUSFWS, althoughapplies to all federalagenciesConservation, protection, andrecovery of threatened and endangeredspecies
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National Climate Assessment Regiona
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Assessment of Climate Changein the
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Abbreviations and AcronymsxiiiNIDIS
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94 assessment of climate change in
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Chapter 7Future Climate: Projected
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136 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
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Chapter 8Natural EcosystemsCoordina
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Chapter 9Coastal IssuesCoordinating
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Chapter 11Agriculture and RanchingC
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Agriculture and Ranching 221water (
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Agriculture and Ranching 223additio
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Agriculture and Ranching 225Irrigat
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Agriculture and Ranching 227may exa
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Agriculture and Ranching 229Dry war
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Agriculture and Ranching 231River w
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Agriculture and Ranching 233decline
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Agriculture and Ranching 235Another
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Agriculture and Ranching 237Howitt,
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Agriculture and Ranching 239Torell,
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Energy: Supply, Demand, and Impacts
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Chapter 13Urban AreasCoordinating L
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Urban Areas 269• Monitoring for c
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Urban Areas 271Figure 13.3 FEMA 100
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Urban Areas 273Urban processes that
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Urban Areas 275Figure 13.7 Embodied
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Urban Areas 277Atmospheric CO 2conc
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Urban Areas 279infrastructure to ha
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Urban Areas 281Figure 13.10 Per cap
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Urban Areas 283in high-fire-zone ar
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Urban Areas 285California, such inv
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Urban Areas 287Figure 13.14 Number
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Figure 13.16 Average annual rainfal
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Urban Areas 291that may then become
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Urban Areas 293Eidlin, E. 2010. Wha
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Urban Areas 295Quevauviller, P. 201
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Chapter 14TransportationCoordinatin
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Transportation 299This chapter begi
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Transportation 301Transportation se
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Transportation 303Other needed chan
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Transportation 305Table 14.2 Potent
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Transportation 307Disruptions to th
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Transportation 309ReferencesAlpert,
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Transportation 311Seager, R., M. Ti
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Human Health 313establish policy gu
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Human Health 315Figure 15.1 Hazy vi
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Human Health 317Heat waves (periods
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Human Health 319expected to be more
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Human Health 321Figure 15.52010 Wil
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Human Health 323by climate in multi
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Human Health 325Figure 15.6 Duststo
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Human Health 327throughout the year
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Human Health 329Box 15.2Linking Dat
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Human Health 331Co-benefitsThough t
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Human Health 333Davis, D. H. S. 195
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Human Health 335Jack, D. W., and P.
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Human Health 337Parmenter, R. R., E
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Human Health 339Vedal, S., and S. J
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Climate Change and U.S.-Mexico Bord
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Chapter 17Unique Challenges FacingS
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Unique Challenges Facing Southweste
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Chapter 18Climate Choices for a Sus
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Climate Choices for a Sustainable S
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Moving Forward with Imperfect Infor
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Research Strategies for Addressing
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GlossaryA2 - a greenhouse gas emiss
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Glossary 485or drift) from an exter
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Glossary 487crassulacean acid metab
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Glossary 489evapotranspiration - th
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Glossary 491heating degree days - a
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Glossary 495peer-review - the revie
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Glossary 497sediment load - the amo
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Glossary 499knowledge. Two primary
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Authors and Review EditorsChapter 1
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Authors and Review Editors 503Cruz)
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Authors and Review Editors 505Chapt
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Assessment of Climate Change in the
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