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Chapter 13Urban AreasCoordinating Lead AuthorStephanie Pincetl (Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles)lead authorsGuido Franco (California State Energy Commission), Nancy B. Grimm (ArizonaState University), Terri S. Hogue (Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA),Sara Hughes (National Center for Atmospheric Research), Eric Pardyjak (Universityof Utah, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Environmental Fluid DynamicsLaboratory)contributing authorsAlicia M. Kinoshita (Civil and Environmental Engineering, UCLA), Patrick Jantz(Woods Hole Research Center)review editorMonica Gilchrist (Local Governments for Sustainability)Executive SummaryThe unique characteristics of Southwest cities will shape both the ways they will be impactedby climate change and the ways the urban areas will adapt to the change. TheSouthwest represents a good portion of the arid and semi-arid region of North Americaand many of its cities rely on large-scale, federally built water storage and conveyanceChapter citation: Pincetl, S., G. Franco, N. B. Grimm, T. S. Hogue, S. Hughes, E. Pardyjak, A. M.Kinoshita, and P. Jantz. 2013. “Urban Areas.” In Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwest UnitedStates: A Report Prepared for the National Climate Assessment, edited by G. Garfin, A. Jardine, R. Merideth,M. Black, and S. LeRoy, 267–296. A report by the Southwest Climate Alliance. Washington,DC: Island Press.267
268 assessment of climate change in the southwest united statesstructures. Water regimes in this part of the country are expected to be significantlyimpacted by climate change because of higher temperatures, reduced snowpack, andother factors, including possibly reduced or more unpredictable patterns of precipitation,which will affect cities and their water supplies. Further, the cities are likely toexperience greater numbers of high-temperature days, creating vulnerabilities amongpopulations who lack air conditioning or access to cooling shelters. Myriad and overlappinggovernmental organizations are responsible for public goods and services in theregion, as in other parts of the country. Their jurisdictions generally do not correspondto ecosystem or watershed boundaries, creating mismatches for climate adaptation programsand policies and significant barriers to cooperation and collaboration. Finally,many local governments are facing budget constraints, making it difficult to plan andimplement new programs to anticipate the potential impacts of climate change.In summary:• The water supplies of Southwest cities, which are located in arid and semi-aridregions and rely on large-scale, federally built water storage and conveyancestructures, will be less reliable due to higher temperatures, reduced snowpack,and other factors, including possibly reduced precipitation. (high confidence)• Some Southwest cities are likely to experience greater numbers of extreme hightemperaturedegree days; residents who lack air conditioning or access to coolingshelters will be especially vulnerable to these changes. (high confidence)• The large metropolitan areas that concentrate most of the population in theSouthwest are governed by counties, cities, and hundreds or thousands of specialdistricts, which makes coordination complex and therefore decreases the capacityfor cities to adapt to climate change. (high confidence)• Within metropolitan regions, substantial differences in fiscal capacity and in politicaland decision making capacities to plan and implement new programs toanticipate the potential impacts of climate change reduce the capacity for citiesto adapt to climate change. (high confidence)• Options for decreasing urban vulnerability to climate change include makingdata available to improve targeted programs for energy conservation (high confidence).For example, utility data (such as electric and gas bills) have heretoforebeen considered confidential, so understanding energy or gas use in a city, byland use, building type, or sociodemographic profile must be derived from surveysor national models. This makes it impossible to target specific energy usefor reduction or as a model for conservation. (high confidence)• Data availability will also improve the ability to develop new approaches tounderstanding urban energy flows (including wastes such as GHGs). Urbanmetabolism, for example, quantifies inputs and outputs to cities (Pincetl, Bunjeand Holmes 2012) and can include the life-cycle analysis of supply chains thatsupply cities (Chester, Pincetl and Allenby 2012). Supply chains (which spanall movement and storage of raw materials, manufacturing, and finished goodsfrom point of origin to point of consumption) are poorly understood, and thereforetheir greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are difficult to identify and reduce. i(high confidence)
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National Climate Assessment Regiona
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Assessment of Climate Changein the
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Abbreviations and AcronymsxiiiNIDIS
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WEATHER AND CLIMATE OF THE SOUTHWES
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Airport infrastructure 182Vehicular
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Wildfires 317Permissive ecology 317
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20.2 Developing Research Strategies
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2 assessment of climate change in t
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Chapter 4Present Weather and Climat
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Chapter 5Present Weather and Climat
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Chapter 7Future Climate: Projected
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136 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
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Chapter 8Natural EcosystemsCoordina
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Chapter 9Coastal IssuesCoordinating
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Page 244 and 245: Agriculture and Ranching 221water (
Page 246 and 247: Agriculture and Ranching 223additio
Page 248 and 249: Agriculture and Ranching 225Irrigat
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Page 252 and 253: Agriculture and Ranching 229Dry war
Page 254 and 255: Agriculture and Ranching 231River w
Page 256 and 257: Agriculture and Ranching 233decline
Page 258 and 259: Agriculture and Ranching 235Another
Page 260 and 261: Agriculture and Ranching 237Howitt,
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Page 264 and 265: Energy: Supply, Demand, and Impacts
Page 292 and 293: Urban Areas 269• Monitoring for c
Page 294 and 295: Urban Areas 271Figure 13.3 FEMA 100
Page 296 and 297: Urban Areas 273Urban processes that
Page 298 and 299: Urban Areas 275Figure 13.7 Embodied
Page 300 and 301: Urban Areas 277Atmospheric CO 2conc
Page 302 and 303: Urban Areas 279infrastructure to ha
Page 304 and 305: Urban Areas 281Figure 13.10 Per cap
Page 306 and 307: Urban Areas 283in high-fire-zone ar
Page 308 and 309: Urban Areas 285California, such inv
Page 310 and 311: Urban Areas 287Figure 13.14 Number
Page 312 and 313: Figure 13.16 Average annual rainfal
Page 314 and 315: Urban Areas 291that may then become
Page 316 and 317: Urban Areas 293Eidlin, E. 2010. Wha
Page 318 and 319: Urban Areas 295Quevauviller, P. 201
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Page 322 and 323: Transportation 299This chapter begi
Page 324 and 325: Transportation 301Transportation se
Page 326 and 327: Transportation 303Other needed chan
Page 328 and 329: Transportation 305Table 14.2 Potent
Page 330 and 331: Transportation 307Disruptions to th
Page 332 and 333: Transportation 309ReferencesAlpert,
Page 334 and 335: Transportation 311Seager, R., M. Ti
Page 336 and 337: Human Health 313establish policy gu
Page 338 and 339: Human Health 315Figure 15.1 Hazy vi
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Human Health 317Heat waves (periods
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Human Health 319expected to be more
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Human Health 321Figure 15.52010 Wil
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Human Health 323by climate in multi
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Human Health 325Figure 15.6 Duststo
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Human Health 327throughout the year
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Human Health 329Box 15.2Linking Dat
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Human Health 331Co-benefitsThough t
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Human Health 333Davis, D. H. S. 195
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Human Health 335Jack, D. W., and P.
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Human Health 337Parmenter, R. R., E
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Human Health 339Vedal, S., and S. J
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Climate Change and U.S.-Mexico Bord
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Chapter 17Unique Challenges FacingS
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Unique Challenges Facing Southweste
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Chapter 18Climate Choices for a Sus
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Climate Choices for a Sustainable S
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Moving Forward with Imperfect Infor
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Research Strategies for Addressing
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GlossaryA2 - a greenhouse gas emiss
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Glossary 485or drift) from an exter
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Glossary 487crassulacean acid metab
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Glossary 489evapotranspiration - th
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Glossary 491heating degree days - a
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Glossary 493misery days - days wher
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Glossary 495peer-review - the revie
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Glossary 497sediment load - the amo
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Glossary 499knowledge. Two primary
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Authors and Review EditorsChapter 1
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Authors and Review Editors 503Cruz)
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Authors and Review Editors 505Chapt
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Assessment of Climate Change in the
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