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Human Health 339Vedal, S., and S. J. Dutton. 2006. Wildfire air pollution and daily mortality in a large urban area.Environmental Research 102:29–35.Vincent, G. K., and V. A. Velkoff. 2010. The next four decades, the older population in the United States:2010 to 2050. Current Population Reports P25-1138. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.Weber, R. W. 2012. Impact of climate change on allergens. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology108:294–299.Weisskopf, M. G., H. A. Anderson, S. Foldy, L. P. Hanrahan, K. Blair, T. J. Török, and P. D.Rumm. 2002. Heat wave morbidity and mortality, Milwaukee, Wis, 1999 vs 1995: Animproved response? American Journal of Public Health 92:830–833.Westerling, A. L., B. P. Bryant, H. K. Preisler, T. P. Holmes, H. G. Hidalgo, T. Das, and S.R.Shrestha. 2009. Climate change, growth, and California wildfire. Final Paper CEC-500-2009-046-F.Sacramento: California Climate Change Center. http://www.energy.ca.gov/2009publications/CEC-500-2009-046/CEC-500-2009-046-F.PDF.Westerling, A. L., H. G. Hidalgo, D. Cayan, and T. W. Swetnam. 2006. Warming and earlierspring increases western U.S. forest wildfire activity. Science 313:940–943.Woodcock, J., P. Edwards, C. Tonne, B. G. Armstrong, O. Ashiru, D. Banister, S. Beevers, et al.2009. Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: Urban landtransport. The Lancet 374:1930–1943.World Health Organization (WHO). 2010. Climate change and health. Fact Sheet 266, January 2010.Geneva: WHO.Wu, J., A. Winer, and R. Delfino. 2006. Exposure assessment of particulate matter air pollutionbefore, during, and after the 2003 southern California wildfires. Atmospheric Environment40:3333–3338.Zender, C. S., and J. Talamantes. 2006. Climate controls on valley fever incidence in Kern County,California. International Journal of Biometeorology 50:174–182.EndnotesiiiiiiivvThe smaller size of PM2.5 particulates allows them to lodge deeply in the lungs.This is a smaller amount of growth in lung function during the child’s growth period. Both thegrowth rate and the attained lung function at adulthood seem to be smaller in children growingup in high PM2.5 areas.Mixing height is the level of the inversion layer. It is like an atmospheric ceiling that limits thevolume of air into which air pollution can mix. High air pollution is associated with a low mixingheight/inversion layer, while a high mixing height is associated with better air quality.Ozone forms in the atmosphere as the result of reactions involving sunlight and two classes ofdirectly emitted precursors. One group of precursors includes various oxides of nitrogen, such asnitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, and the other group includes volatile organic compounds (alsocalled reactive organic gases), such as hydrocarbons.Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), http://www.liheap.ncat.org.