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The Changing Southwest 55Table A3.2 List of USGS land cover trends class descriptionsLand Cover ClassAgriculture (cropland andpasture)BarrenDeveloped (urban andbuilt-up)Forest and WoodlandGrassland/Shrubland(including rangeland)Mechanically DisturbedMines and QuarriesNon-mechanicallyDisturbedOpen WaterWetlandDescriptionLand in either a vegetated or unvegetated state used for the production of food andfiber, including cultivated and uncultivated croplands, hay lands, pasture, orchards,vineyards, and confined livestock operations. Forest plantations are consideredforests regardless of their use for wood products.Land comprised of soils, sand, or rocks where 10%. Note cleared forest land(i.e. clear-cuts) is mapped according to current cover (e.g. mechanically disturbed orgrassland/shrubland).Non-developed land where cover by grasses, forbs, or shrubs is >10%.Land in an altered, often unvegetated transitional state caused by disturbance frommechanical means, including forest clear-cutting, earthmoving, scraping, chaining,reservoir drawdown, and other human-induced clearance.Extractive mining activities with surface expression, including mining buildings,quarry pits, overburden, leach, evaporative features, and tailings.Land in an altered, often unvegetated transitional state caused by disturbance fromnon-mechanical means, including fire, wind, flood, and animals.Persistently covered with water, including streams, canals, lakes, reservoirs, bays,and oceanLand where water saturation is the determining factor in soil characteristics,vegetation types, and animal communities. Wetlands can contain both water andvegetated cover.Source: USGS (2010).
Chapter 4Present Weather and Climate:Average ConditionsCoordinating Lead AuthorW. James Steenburgh (University of Utah)Lead AuthorsKelly T. Redmond (Western Regional Climate Center and Desert ResearchInstitute), Kenneth E. Kunkel (NOAA Cooperative Institute for Climate andSatellites, North Carolina State University and National Climate Data Center), NolanDoesken (Colorado State University), Robert R. Gillies (Utah State University), JohnD. Horel (University of Utah)Contributing AuthorsMartin P. Hoerling (NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory), Thomas H. Painter(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)Expert Review EditorRoy Rasmussen (National Center for Atmospheric Research)Executive SummaryThis chapter describes the weather and climate of the Southwest, which straddles themid- and subtropical latitudes and includes the greatest range of topographic relief inthe contiguous United States. The key findings are as follows:56Chapter citation: Steenburgh, W. J., K. T. Redmond, K. E. Kunkel, N. Doesken, R. R. Gillies, J.D. Horel, M. P. Hoerling, and T. H. Painter. 2013. “Present Weather and Climate: Average Conditions.”In Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwest United States: A Report Prepared for theNational Climate Assessment, edited by G. Garfin, A. Jardine, R. Merideth, M. Black, and S. LeRoy,56–73. A report by the Southwest Climate Alliance. Washington, DC: Island Press.
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National Climate Assessment Regiona
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Assessment of Climate Changein the
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Abbreviations and AcronymsxiiiNIDIS
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WEATHER AND CLIMATE OF THE SOUTHWES
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Airport infrastructure 182Vehicular
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Wildfires 317Permissive ecology 317
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20.2 Developing Research Strategies
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2 assessment of climate change in t
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Chapter 7Future Climate: Projected
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136 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
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Chapter 8Natural EcosystemsCoordina
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Chapter 9Coastal IssuesCoordinating
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Chapter 11Agriculture and RanchingC
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Agriculture and Ranching 221water (
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Agriculture and Ranching 223additio
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Agriculture and Ranching 225Irrigat
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Agriculture and Ranching 227may exa
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Agriculture and Ranching 229Dry war
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Agriculture and Ranching 231River w
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Agriculture and Ranching 233decline
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Agriculture and Ranching 235Another
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Agriculture and Ranching 237Howitt,
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Agriculture and Ranching 239Torell,
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Energy: Supply, Demand, and Impacts
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Chapter 13Urban AreasCoordinating L
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Urban Areas 269• Monitoring for c
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Urban Areas 271Figure 13.3 FEMA 100
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Urban Areas 273Urban processes that
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Urban Areas 275Figure 13.7 Embodied
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Urban Areas 277Atmospheric CO 2conc
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Urban Areas 279infrastructure to ha
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Urban Areas 281Figure 13.10 Per cap
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Urban Areas 283in high-fire-zone ar
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Urban Areas 285California, such inv
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Urban Areas 287Figure 13.14 Number
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Figure 13.16 Average annual rainfal
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Urban Areas 291that may then become
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Urban Areas 293Eidlin, E. 2010. Wha
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Urban Areas 295Quevauviller, P. 201
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Chapter 14TransportationCoordinatin
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Transportation 299This chapter begi
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Transportation 301Transportation se
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Transportation 303Other needed chan
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Transportation 305Table 14.2 Potent
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Transportation 307Disruptions to th
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Transportation 309ReferencesAlpert,
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Transportation 311Seager, R., M. Ti
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Human Health 313establish policy gu
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Human Health 315Figure 15.1 Hazy vi
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Human Health 317Heat waves (periods
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Human Health 319expected to be more
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Human Health 321Figure 15.52010 Wil
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Human Health 323by climate in multi
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Human Health 325Figure 15.6 Duststo
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Human Health 327throughout the year
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Human Health 329Box 15.2Linking Dat
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Human Health 331Co-benefitsThough t
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Human Health 333Davis, D. H. S. 195
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Human Health 335Jack, D. W., and P.
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Human Health 337Parmenter, R. R., E
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Human Health 339Vedal, S., and S. J
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Climate Change and U.S.-Mexico Bord
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Chapter 17Unique Challenges FacingS
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Unique Challenges Facing Southweste
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Chapter 18Climate Choices for a Sus
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Climate Choices for a Sustainable S
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Moving Forward with Imperfect Infor
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Research Strategies for Addressing
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GlossaryA2 - a greenhouse gas emiss
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Glossary 485or drift) from an exter
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Glossary 487crassulacean acid metab
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Glossary 489evapotranspiration - th
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Glossary 491heating degree days - a
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Glossary 493misery days - days wher
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Glossary 495peer-review - the revie
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Glossary 497sediment load - the amo
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Glossary 499knowledge. Two primary
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Authors and Review EditorsChapter 1
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Authors and Review Editors 503Cruz)
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Authors and Review Editors 505Chapt
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Assessment of Climate Change in the
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