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Unique Challenges Facing Southwestern Tribes 38917.2 The Effects of Marginal Living Conditions and ExtremeClimatic EnvironmentsIn some cases, Native people and their cultural resources have already been affectedby climate change. Reservations were often established in regions that typically haveextreme environments and where sustainability of acceptable living conditions is alreadya challenge. In more arid parts of the Southwest, tribes sometimes have land thatis drier—and has more limited access to water—than do their non-Indian neighbors.Large land-holding tribes, particularly in Arizona and Utah, are situated in regions withlimited rainfall and water sources of poor quality that non-Native pioneers settling inthe West found to be undesirable. For example, Navajo reservation boundaries wereestablished within the driest third of the Navajo traditional homeland (Redsteer, Kelleyet al. 2010), and fierce competition among Anglo and Hispanic populations for the bestrangelands precluded retention of the more verdant traditional lands for Navajo use(Bailey and Bailey 1986). Helen H. Jackson (1883, 459) in describing changes of land occupationwrote:From tract after tract of [ancestral] lands they have been driven out year by year by thewhite settlers of the country until they can retreat no further, some of their villages beingliterally on the last tillable spot on the deserts edge or in mountains far recesses…In southern California today are many fertile valleys which were thirty years ago thegarden spots of these same Indians.Despite these historical land tenure changes and all the challenges facing Nativepeople today, they continue to practice a lifestyle deeply connected to their natural surroundings.Cultural ties to the land include gathering herbal medicines and native plantfoods, subsistence hunting and fishing, and traditional agricultural practices, such asfarming and raising sheep. These practices continue to play a role in tribal life, and mayalso provide significant portions of many tribal economies.17.3 Current Impacts on Native LandsNative American cultures are closely linked to local resources in specific ecological nichesthat are likely to be altered in a changing climate (Kuhnlein and Receveur 1996; Smithet al. 2008; Green and Raygorodesky 2010). Many publications have generally describedhow tribes could be affected by climate change (see Hanna 2007; National Wildlife Federation2011). However, few scientific studies address and quantify current climatechangeimpacts on Native lands and peoples of the United States, except in Alaska (e.g.Cruikshank 2001; Krupnik and Jolly 2002; Parkinson and Berner 2008; Davis 2010; Kofinaset al. 2010; Alexander et al. 2011). The high vulnerability of tribes to climate changeand the information available (although limited) suggest that some tribes could be experiencingimpacts, even though they lack specific documentation.Many factors can lead to ecological and environmental change, and clear links ofcause and effect need to be established in order to assess the effects that climate hashad and might have for Native peoples in the region. In one documented example onthe Navajo Nation, long-term trends of increasing temperatures, decreasing snowfall,
390 assessment of climate change in the southwest united statesdeclining streamflow, and water availability have magnified the impacts of drought thatbegan in 1996 and continues today (Redsteer, Kelley et al. 2010). Streamflow data andhistoric information on surface-water features (such as springs, lakes and streams) showsignificant changes over the past century (Redsteer, Kelley et al. 2010). These changeshave not coincided spatially or temporally with water development. Many surface-waterfeatures are now dry year-round or ephemeral, and began to disappear in the early tomid-1900s. Moreover, significant reductions in the number and length of stream reacheswith perennial flow have occurred since 1920, and for some historic ephemeral streams,no flow during spring run-off and summer rains occurs today (Figure 17.2).Figure 17.2 Map of the Navajo Nation (and lands of the Hopi Tribe) showing historic changesin perennial flow. The bold black line (shown with arrow) indicates where perennial stream flow existstoday. Inset map shows location of Navajo lands, black diamonds specify locations of sacred mountainson the perimeter of Navajo traditional homelands. Data from reports by Herbert Gregory (1917), Hack(1942), Cooley et al. (1969) and USGS stream gauge data (after Redsteer, Kelley et al. 2010).
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National Climate Assessment Regiona
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Assessment of Climate Changein the
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Abbreviations and AcronymsxiiiNIDIS
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WEATHER AND CLIMATE OF THE SOUTHWES
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Airport infrastructure 182Vehicular
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Wildfires 317Permissive ecology 317
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20.2 Developing Research Strategies
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2 assessment of climate change in t
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Chapter 4Present Weather and Climat
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Chapter 5Present Weather and Climat
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Chapter 7Future Climate: Projected
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136 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
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Chapter 8Natural EcosystemsCoordina
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Chapter 9Coastal IssuesCoordinating
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Chapter 11Agriculture and RanchingC
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Agriculture and Ranching 221water (
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Agriculture and Ranching 223additio
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Agriculture and Ranching 225Irrigat
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Agriculture and Ranching 227may exa
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Agriculture and Ranching 229Dry war
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Agriculture and Ranching 231River w
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Agriculture and Ranching 233decline
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Agriculture and Ranching 235Another
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Agriculture and Ranching 237Howitt,
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Agriculture and Ranching 239Torell,
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Energy: Supply, Demand, and Impacts
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Chapter 13Urban AreasCoordinating L
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Urban Areas 269• Monitoring for c
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Urban Areas 271Figure 13.3 FEMA 100
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Urban Areas 273Urban processes that
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Urban Areas 275Figure 13.7 Embodied
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Urban Areas 277Atmospheric CO 2conc
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Urban Areas 279infrastructure to ha
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Urban Areas 281Figure 13.10 Per cap
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Urban Areas 283in high-fire-zone ar
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Urban Areas 285California, such inv
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Urban Areas 287Figure 13.14 Number
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Figure 13.16 Average annual rainfal
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Urban Areas 291that may then become
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Urban Areas 293Eidlin, E. 2010. Wha
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Urban Areas 295Quevauviller, P. 201
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Chapter 14TransportationCoordinatin
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Transportation 299This chapter begi
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Transportation 301Transportation se
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Transportation 303Other needed chan
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Transportation 305Table 14.2 Potent
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Transportation 307Disruptions to th
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Transportation 309ReferencesAlpert,
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Transportation 311Seager, R., M. Ti
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Human Health 313establish policy gu
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Human Health 315Figure 15.1 Hazy vi
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Human Health 317Heat waves (periods
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Human Health 319expected to be more
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Human Health 321Figure 15.52010 Wil
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Human Health 323by climate in multi
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Human Health 325Figure 15.6 Duststo
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Human Health 327throughout the year
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Human Health 329Box 15.2Linking Dat
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Human Health 331Co-benefitsThough t
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Human Health 333Davis, D. H. S. 195
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Human Health 335Jack, D. W., and P.
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Human Health 337Parmenter, R. R., E
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GlossaryA2 - a greenhouse gas emiss
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Glossary 485or drift) from an exter
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Glossary 487crassulacean acid metab
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Glossary 497sediment load - the amo
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Glossary 499knowledge. Two primary
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Authors and Review EditorsChapter 1
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Authors and Review Editors 503Cruz)
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Authors and Review Editors 505Chapt
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Assessment of Climate Change in the
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