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Glossary 499knowledge. Two primary types of uncertainty are ‘value uncertainties’ and ‘structuraluncertainties’. Value uncertainties arise from the incomplete determination of particularvalues or results, for example, when data are inaccurate or not fully representative of thephenomenon of interest. Structural uncertainties arise from an incomplete understandingof the processes that control particular values or results, for example, when the conceptualframework or model used for analysis does not include all the relevant processesor relationships. Value uncertainties are generally estimated using statistical techniquesand expressed probabilistically. Structural uncertainties are generally described by givingthe authors’ collective judgment of their confidence in the correctness of a result.upwelling – the rising of a layer of water to the surface; upwelling is important in the ElNiño Southern Oscillation, where upwelling of cool or warm water can change the stateof surface water temperature and trigger an El Niño or La Niña episode; it is also importantto fish species, who often migrate to nutrient-rich upwelled coastal watersurban domes – pockets of increased ozone, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter presentin air above urban spacesurban land – developed land where the housing density is greater than one unit per 2.5acresurban metabolism – the total urban system flow of materials, resources, energy, andoutputs in the form of wasteurban-wildland interface – transitional zone between developed land and unoccupiedland; this interface is important in the start and spread or impact of wildfires near urbanareasvalley fever – coccidioidomycosis, a disease that occurs almost exclusively in Arizona andCalifornia, caused by the inhalation of a soil-dwelling fungusvector – an organism such as a mosquito that transmits disease from one host to anotherVIC model – a macroscale, distributed, physically based hydrologic model that balancesboth surface energy and water over a grid mesh; the VIC model is used in many hydrologicstudies of the potential impacts of climate changevulnerability – “a function of character, magnitude and rate of climate change to whicha system is exposed, as well as the system’s sensitivity and adaptive capacity” (NRC2010).water cycle – The natural transport of water in all its states from the atmosphere to theearth and back to the atmosphere through various processes. These processes include:precipitation, infiltration, percolation, evaporation, transpiration, and condensation.water transfer – the transfer of water to different uses, different sectors, or across jurisdictionallineswave run-up – the maximum vertical extent of the rush of a wave onto a beach or astructure above the still water level; wave run-up is an important factor in determiningthe extent of beach erosionwet warming scenario – a climate scenario in which the climate becomes wetter (moreprecipitation) as well as warmer
500 assessment of climate change in the southwest united stateswildland-urban interface – transitional zone between developed land and unoccupiedland; this interface is important in the start and spread or impact of wildfires near urbanareaswind stress – the dragging force of air moving over a surfaceWinters doctrine – doctrine established by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1908 in Wintersv. United States, which held that when the U.S. government establishes a reservation, italso implicitly reserves water rights sufficient to meet the current and future needs of thetribe and the purpose for which the reservation was set aside (including fisheries, whereapplicable). The priority date for tribal water rights under the Winters doctrine is thusthe date the reservation was established.
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National Climate Assessment Regiona
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Assessment of Climate Changein the
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Abbreviations and AcronymsxiiiNIDIS
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WEATHER AND CLIMATE OF THE SOUTHWES
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Airport infrastructure 182Vehicular
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Wildfires 317Permissive ecology 317
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20.2 Developing Research Strategies
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2 assessment of climate change in t
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10 assessment of climate change in
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Chapter 4Present Weather and Climat
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Chapter 5Present Weather and Climat
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Chapter 7Future Climate: Projected
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136 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
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Chapter 8Natural EcosystemsCoordina
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Chapter 9Coastal IssuesCoordinating
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Chapter 11Agriculture and RanchingC
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Agriculture and Ranching 221water (
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Agriculture and Ranching 223additio
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Agriculture and Ranching 225Irrigat
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Agriculture and Ranching 227may exa
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Agriculture and Ranching 229Dry war
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Agriculture and Ranching 231River w
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Agriculture and Ranching 233decline
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Agriculture and Ranching 235Another
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Agriculture and Ranching 237Howitt,
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Agriculture and Ranching 239Torell,
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Energy: Supply, Demand, and Impacts
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Chapter 13Urban AreasCoordinating L
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Urban Areas 269• Monitoring for c
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Urban Areas 271Figure 13.3 FEMA 100
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Urban Areas 273Urban processes that
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Urban Areas 275Figure 13.7 Embodied
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Urban Areas 277Atmospheric CO 2conc
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Urban Areas 279infrastructure to ha
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Urban Areas 281Figure 13.10 Per cap
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Urban Areas 283in high-fire-zone ar
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Urban Areas 285California, such inv
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Urban Areas 287Figure 13.14 Number
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Figure 13.16 Average annual rainfal
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Urban Areas 291that may then become
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Urban Areas 293Eidlin, E. 2010. Wha
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Urban Areas 295Quevauviller, P. 201
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Chapter 14TransportationCoordinatin
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Transportation 299This chapter begi
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Transportation 301Transportation se
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Transportation 303Other needed chan
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Transportation 305Table 14.2 Potent
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Transportation 307Disruptions to th
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Transportation 309ReferencesAlpert,
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Transportation 311Seager, R., M. Ti
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Human Health 313establish policy gu
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Human Health 315Figure 15.1 Hazy vi
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Human Health 317Heat waves (periods
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Human Health 319expected to be more
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Human Health 321Figure 15.52010 Wil
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Human Health 323by climate in multi
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Human Health 325Figure 15.6 Duststo
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Human Health 327throughout the year
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Human Health 329Box 15.2Linking Dat
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Human Health 331Co-benefitsThough t
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Human Health 333Davis, D. H. S. 195
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Human Health 335Jack, D. W., and P.
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Human Health 337Parmenter, R. R., E
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Human Health 339Vedal, S., and S. J
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Climate Change and U.S.-Mexico Bord
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Chapter 17Unique Challenges FacingS
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Unique Challenges Facing Southweste
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Chapter 18Climate Choices for a Sus
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Climate Choices for a Sustainable S
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Moving Forward with Imperfect Infor
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Page 472 and 473: Moving Forward with Imperfect Infor
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Page 506 and 507: GlossaryA2 - a greenhouse gas emiss
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