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458 assessment of climate change in the southwest united statesTable 19.2 Knowledge gaps and key challenges to improving understanding, reducinguncertainty, identifying and addressing vulnerabilities to climate changesin the Southwest (Continued)Model UncertaintyScenarioUncertaintyKnowledge Gaps Contributing to KeyChallengesObservational DataUnderstanding Physical Climate DynamicsClimate Models & DownscalingPhysical Climate Impacts to Biological &Human SystemsSocial & Behavioral FactorsEconomic FactorsPolicy & Regulatory FactorsCommunication & EducationChapter(s)Global and U.S. economic outlook X Transportation (14)Global and U.S. manufacturing and industrialpatternsThe extent to which heat-related morbidity andmortality are a multi-stressor problemX Transportation (14)X Human Health (15)Note: To construct this table, the authors of each chapter in this report identified key knowledge gaps anduncertainties. For Chapters 3–8, authors, outlined the major elements needed to improve confidence inobserved and projected climate trends. For Chapter 9–18, author teams identified factors and knowledgegaps that need to be addressed in order to improve the ability of the respective sector to identifyvulnerabilities and/or adaptive responses. The author team for this chapter identified Key Challenges basedon common themes in the compilation of inputs from different chapters.19.5 Moving ForwardClimate projections can provide information for understanding risks associated withphysical, biological, and social impacts. Although model projections are imperfect giventhe uncertainties outlined above, entities in the Southwest are moving forward and usinginnovative strategies to incorporate climate information in their planning and managementschemes. v Both public and private planners are employing strategies that runthe gamut from iterative risk management frameworks (which adapt management strategiesto new information and changing circumstances) to resilience strategies (whichenhance the capacity to withstand and recover from emergencies and disasters) to approachesthat optimize for a particular desired set of conditions (NRC 2011). Case studiesfrom the Southwest are highlighted throughout this chapter.