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Urban Areas 271Figure 13.3 FEMA 100-year and500-year floodplains in California.Adapted from Galloway et al. (2007).The potential for extreme precipitation events is important for urban managers toconsider because the amount of rain and duration of these events determine the neededdesign capacity of the stormwater infrastructure. Substantial increases in extreme precipitationevents may result in the failure of stormwater systems if new extreme precipitationlevels are outside their design envelope. So far, the historical trends for extremeprecipitation for cities in the Southwest are less clear, with no uniform regional trendsas shown in Figure 13.5, suggesting that there is not a clear imminent risk to stormwatersystems from flooding of this type. As reported in Chapter 7, climate projections forthe Southwest and throughout the country suggest an increase in extreme precipitationevents but these projections are highly uncertain. It is possible that the climate-changesignal is still emerging from the “noise” created by climate variability. In any event,flood control managers in California are preparing for potentially unusually high incidencesof precipitation and consequent flooding (see, for example the projects listed onthe California Dept. of Water Resources FloodSAFE website). iii
272 assessment of climate change in the southwest united statesFigure 13.4 Trends in heating and cooling degree days in major urban areas of theSouthwest. Trends in heating degree-days (left) and cooling degree-days (right) are based on 65°F(18.3°C) and 75°F (23.9°C) bases, respectively, for the period 1950 to 2009 in seventeen urban areas.Blue circles represent decreasing trends and red increasing trends. The trends are proportional to thediameter of the circles. Filled circles represent statistically significant trends. See glossary for definitionsof heating and cooling degree-days. Adapted from Mishra and Lettenmaier (2011) with permission fromthe American Geophysical Union.Figure 13.5 Trends in the annual1-day maximum daily precipitationamounts in major urban areas ofthe Southwest. Blue circles representdecreasing trends and red increasingtrends. The trends are proportional tothe diameter of the circles. Filled circlesrepresent statistically significant trends.Adapted from Mishra and Lettenmaier(2011) with permission from theAmerican Geophysical Union.
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National Climate Assessment Regiona
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Assessment of Climate Changein the
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Abbreviations and AcronymsxiiiNIDIS
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WEATHER AND CLIMATE OF THE SOUTHWES
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Airport infrastructure 182Vehicular
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Wildfires 317Permissive ecology 317
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20.2 Developing Research Strategies
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2 assessment of climate change in t
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Chapter 4Present Weather and Climat
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Chapter 5Present Weather and Climat
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Chapter 7Future Climate: Projected
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136 Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, an
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Chapter 8Natural EcosystemsCoordina
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Chapter 9Coastal IssuesCoordinating
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Chapter 11Agriculture and RanchingC
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Page 248 and 249: Agriculture and Ranching 225Irrigat
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Page 252 and 253: Agriculture and Ranching 229Dry war
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Page 256 and 257: Agriculture and Ranching 233decline
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Page 262 and 263: Agriculture and Ranching 239Torell,
Page 264 and 265: Energy: Supply, Demand, and Impacts
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Page 292 and 293: Urban Areas 269• Monitoring for c
Page 296 and 297: Urban Areas 273Urban processes that
Page 298 and 299: Urban Areas 275Figure 13.7 Embodied
Page 300 and 301: Urban Areas 277Atmospheric CO 2conc
Page 302 and 303: Urban Areas 279infrastructure to ha
Page 304 and 305: Urban Areas 281Figure 13.10 Per cap
Page 306 and 307: Urban Areas 283in high-fire-zone ar
Page 308 and 309: Urban Areas 285California, such inv
Page 310 and 311: Urban Areas 287Figure 13.14 Number
Page 312 and 313: Figure 13.16 Average annual rainfal
Page 314 and 315: Urban Areas 291that may then become
Page 316 and 317: Urban Areas 293Eidlin, E. 2010. Wha
Page 318 and 319: Urban Areas 295Quevauviller, P. 201
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Page 322 and 323: Transportation 299This chapter begi
Page 324 and 325: Transportation 301Transportation se
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Page 328 and 329: Transportation 305Table 14.2 Potent
Page 330 and 331: Transportation 307Disruptions to th
Page 332 and 333: Transportation 309ReferencesAlpert,
Page 334 and 335: Transportation 311Seager, R., M. Ti
Page 336 and 337: Human Health 313establish policy gu
Page 338 and 339: Human Health 315Figure 15.1 Hazy vi
Page 340 and 341: Human Health 317Heat waves (periods
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Human Health 321Figure 15.52010 Wil
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Human Health 323by climate in multi
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Human Health 325Figure 15.6 Duststo
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Human Health 327throughout the year
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Human Health 329Box 15.2Linking Dat
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Human Health 331Co-benefitsThough t
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Human Health 333Davis, D. H. S. 195
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Human Health 335Jack, D. W., and P.
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Human Health 337Parmenter, R. R., E
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Human Health 339Vedal, S., and S. J
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Climate Change and U.S.-Mexico Bord
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Chapter 17Unique Challenges FacingS
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Unique Challenges Facing Southweste
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Chapter 18Climate Choices for a Sus
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Climate Choices for a Sustainable S
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Moving Forward with Imperfect Infor
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Research Strategies for Addressing
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GlossaryA2 - a greenhouse gas emiss
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Glossary 485or drift) from an exter
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Glossary 487crassulacean acid metab
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Glossary 489evapotranspiration - th
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Glossary 491heating degree days - a
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Glossary 493misery days - days wher
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Glossary 495peer-review - the revie
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Glossary 497sediment load - the amo
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Glossary 499knowledge. Two primary
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Authors and Review EditorsChapter 1
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Authors and Review Editors 503Cruz)
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Authors and Review Editors 505Chapt
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Assessment of Climate Change in the
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