Combating Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction

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• working with intelligence collectors to ensure that DOE requirements aremet,• providing technical training and other support for the greater intelligenceand policy communities,• managing departmental intelligence policy, and• serving as interlocutor between the Intelligence Community and theresources and requirements of DOE and its national laboratories.68
Nuclear Regulatory CommissionBackgroundThe Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) was established by the EnergyReorganization Act of 1974, which abolished the old Atomic Energy Commission (AEC).The fundamental premise of the Act was that the AEC faced an inherent conflict of interestsince it both promoted civil nuclear energy programs and regulated them in the interest ofpublic safety. In broad terms, then, the NRC inherited the Atomic Energy Commission’sregulatory functions, while its other functions were passed to the Energy Research andDevelopment Administration, and later to the Department of Energy.The five NRC Commissioners are appointed for set terms of office, and cannot be removedexcept for cause. Appointments are made by the President with Senate confirmation. TheChairman of the Commission is designated by the President, and serves as its principalexecutive officer. As an independent regulatory commission, the NRC does not report tothe President and is not (with one exception noted below) subject to direction from theexecutive branch of government. The general NRC budget does not come fromappropriated funds, but from license fees. (Some proliferation-related activity, such asassistance to civil nuclear activities in the former Soviet Union, is paid for throughappropriated funds.)Congress modeled the NRC on other federal regulatory commissions, such as theInterstate Commerce Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, or theFederal Trade Commission. Many such commissions were created in the Progressive andNew Deal eras, with broad powers to regulate specific sectors of the economy. The theorywas that the subject matter dealt with by each commission required the application ofexpert judgment that could only be developed over time. The public interest, it wasbelieved, also required that this expert judgment be exercised free of political influence orconflicts of interest. Former NRC Commissioner Victor Gilinsky, testifying before theCommission, pointed to this independence of judgment as the primary strength of theNRC. He noted, for example, that as early as 1981, the NRC was able to raise questionsabout the adequacy of IAEA safeguards, at a time when such questions were virtuallytaboo elsewhere in the federal bureaucracy.Historically, independent regulatory commissions gave much of their attention to rate-fixingand other economic regulation. Over the last 20 years, however, economic regulation haspassed out of favor and free-market pricing has been extended to formerly regulatedeconomic sectors. The work of some independent commissions has been cut back, whileothers, including the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Civil Aeronautics Board,have been abolished.69
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CombatingProliferation ofWeapons of
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ContentsExecutive Summary vIntroduc
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Executive SummaryEvery American sho
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Similarly, the Commission assessed
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ole as a supplier of ballistic miss
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economic, political, and diplomatic
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Sixth, we must prepare for the thre
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82A (45p x 55p)
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An improved mechanism for White Hou
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esolved before the meetings occur.
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In advising the President and ViceP
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Recommendation 2.3: The President s
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Chapter 3Managing the Interagency P
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the CPC will need to set program re
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Agency Budget ProcessesRecommendati
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The Persian Gulf War gave vivid war
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One example of poor coordination is
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The lengthy time required for techn
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• facilitating other countries’
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efficiently among the departments,
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organizations about proliferation t
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The Proper Role of Export Controls
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Second, many of the countries that
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function is shared as a statutory r
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coherent and effective non-prolifer
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and training opportunities that wil
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The Commission believes this reorga
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Responding to Proliferation that Ha
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Recommendation 5.4: The National Di
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545B (45p x 28p)
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• Second, DoD elements are still
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(3) Maintain the regional responsib
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5C (45p x 33p)61
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and related areas (such as instrume
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Recommendation 5.10: DOE’s prolif
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While there has been considerable p
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Recommendation 5.13: The President
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Recommendation 5.16: The Director o
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own export control system. This eff
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For a variety of reasons, however,
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In theory, all goods leaving or ent
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Committee on Foreign Investment in
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context. The results of this assess
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when grand jury secrecy no longer a
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The FBI’s National Security Divis
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Commission notes that the FBI has i
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Departments of Health and Human Ser
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Department of AgricultureThe Depart
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As discussed in Chapter 3, collabor
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SEC. 711. ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMISSI
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(C) existing arrangements governing
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serve without compensation in addit
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(a) Extension of Deadline for Submi
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on the Senate Budget and Commerce,
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106
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Richard K. BettsCouncil on Foreign
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William CohenSecretary of DefenseCo
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EWilliam EckertDepartment of StateR
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Thomas GrahamSecond Choice Foundati
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Robert JosephDirector for Counterpr
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Jacob L. LewDirectorOffice of Manag
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Michael MoodiePresidentChemical and
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Paul RobinsonPresident and Laborato
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Owen J. SheaksSpecial AdvisorVerifi
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Bonni G. TischlerAssistant Commissi
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Gillian WoollettAssociate VP for Bi
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7. List and describe the authoritie
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17. What deficiencies and strengths
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Subgroup on Nuclear Export Coordina
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Groups Addressing WMD Accident, Eme
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IAEA Steering CommitteeChair: State
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Title (Legislation that Contains Re
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Appendix G: Resource Allocation—B
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Department of State• NDF• NIS e
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Department of Agriculture• Select
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AbbreviationsAGARSCBRNCDCCFIUSCPDCT
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Appendix H: Technology AcquisitionA
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to change; up-to-date data should b
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this activity: the Materials Protec
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National Goal: Military Action (Inc
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• PE 602715BR: Hard Target Defeat
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• Active defensesTechnology Progr
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that provides an order-of-magnitude
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Additional ViewsAdditional Views of
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The following is a brief outline of
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Additional Views of Margo D. B. Car
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Annex:Organizational OverviewsExecu
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policies through a briefing schedul
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The current Senior Director, as wit
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Although responsibility for prolife
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• the Under Secretary of Defense
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Treaty negotiations, U.S. nuclear p
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• integrated national policies fo
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President with the Prime Minister o
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Page 205 and 206: U.S.-Russia Proliferation Issues in
Page 207 and 208: and procedures; assessing competing
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Page 211 and 212: Department of StateThe Non-prolifer
Page 213 and 214: (CTBT). The Verification and Compli
Page 215 and 216: The Science Centers are established
Page 217 and 218: Enhancing Export Controls 3Demilita
Page 219 and 220: KazakhstanRussiaStrategic Offensive
Page 221 and 222: UkraineThis assistance is to preven
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Page 225 and 226: This expansion will cover the secur
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Page 231 and 232: The office of the Assistant Secreta
Page 233 and 234: Directive 5134.9, and is responsibl
Page 235 and 236: • The Counter-proliferation Progr
Page 237 and 238: 4 Mitigate the Effects of WMD Use5
Page 239 and 240: U.S. Army Top Ranked Specific Milit
Page 241 and 242: • The Director, Defense Research
Page 243 and 244: Technology—has primary oversight
Page 245 and 246: • Recommendation 1 to reinforce t
Page 247 and 248: AEC’s successor agencies, the Dep
Page 249 and 250: Components of NN-40 include the Int
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Page 253: X07, 18x24• participate with the
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Page 259 and 260: The Intelligence CommunityThe Intel
Page 261 and 262: The DCI Nonproliferation Center, un
Page 263 and 264: Findings of the Aspin-Brown and Jer
Page 265 and 266: Department of CommerceThe Bureau of
Page 267 and 268: Office of Exporter Services. In add
Page 269 and 270: The OC weighs the intelligence info
Page 271 and 272: important weapon in BXA’s arsenal
Page 273 and 274: Non-proliferation and Export Contro
Page 275 and 276: The Customs Service’s response to
Page 277 and 278: An additional benefit to the Bureau
Page 279: The Exon-Florio provision does not
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Combating Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction

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