Combating Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction

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Recommendation 5.4: The National Director, in consultation with the Director ofCentral Intelligence, should establish a decision-making process regarding the useof intelligence in a demarche that ensures timely decisions and a careful evaluationof the policy benefits and the risks to sources and methods.The Commission was briefed on the problems involved with the use of intelligence tosupport diplomatic demarches aimed at combating proliferation. This understandabledifficulty arises from the tension between protecting sources and methods and usingintelligence information to achieve a desirable policy end.52
Department of DefenseThe Department of Defense (DoD) has the most resources applied to the widest variety ofprograms for combating proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means ofdelivery. DoD combats proliferation by (1) the application of military power to protect UnitedStates forces and interests, (2) intelligence collection and analysis, and (3) support todiplomacy, arms control, and export controls. It is the only agency involved in all aspectsof responding to the WMD threat, including prevention, deterrence, defense, and limitingthe damage in case of use. It must be organized to support not only its own effort, but alsothe government-wide efforts described in Chapter 2.Impact of the Defense Reform Initiative on Proliferation PolicyResponsibilities for combating proliferation are too diffuse. Below the level of theDeputy Secretary, there is no institutional means of integrating the multitude ofseparate activities.The Secretary of Defense’s November 1997 Defense Reform Initiative (DRI) includedseveral organizational changes intended to raise the priority of DoD proliferation-relatedactivities and to improve the Department’s overall performance in this area. Since then:• The position of Assistant Secretary for International Security Policy has beenabolished and its functions, including proliferation policy, transferred to the AssistantSecretary for Strategy and Resources (renamed Assistant Secretary for Strategy andThreat Reduction).• A new Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) has brought together under asingle Director several agencies dealing with emerging threats: the Defense SpecialWeapons Agency (formerly, the Defense Nuclear Agency), On-Site InspectionAgency, Defense Technology Security Administration, Center for VerificationResearch and elements responsible for implementing the Cooperative ThreatReduction program.• Congress stopped the Secretary of Defense from abolishing the post of Assistant tothe Secretary for Atomic Energy (later for Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Defense)–previously a key advisor on these programs—although the position remains unfilled.In spite of these developments, responsibility for proliferation-related issues in DoDremains so diffused as to make it impossible to determine who—below the DeputySecretary—has the authority and the responsibility to integrate plans, policy, requirementsand programs. No one seems to be “in charge” of combating proliferation and, in anorganization as large and complex as DoD, that is a serious problem.53
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CombatingProliferation ofWeapons of
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ContentsExecutive Summary vIntroduc
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Executive SummaryEvery American sho
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Similarly, the Commission assessed
Page 14 and 15: ole as a supplier of ballistic miss
Page 16 and 17: economic, political, and diplomatic
Page 18 and 19: Sixth, we must prepare for the thre
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Page 22 and 23: An improved mechanism for White Hou
Page 24 and 25: esolved before the meetings occur.
Page 26 and 27: In advising the President and ViceP
Page 28: Recommendation 2.3: The President s
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3Managing the Interagency P
Page 33 and 34: the CPC will need to set program re
Page 35 and 36: Agency Budget ProcessesRecommendati
Page 37 and 38: The Persian Gulf War gave vivid war
Page 39 and 40: One example of poor coordination is
Page 41 and 42: The lengthy time required for techn
Page 43 and 44: • facilitating other countries’
Page 45 and 46: efficiently among the departments,
Page 47: organizations about proliferation t
Page 50 and 51: The Proper Role of Export Controls
Page 52 and 53: Second, many of the countries that
Page 54 and 55: function is shared as a statutory r
Page 56 and 57: coherent and effective non-prolifer
Page 58 and 59: and training opportunities that wil
Page 60 and 61: The Commission believes this reorga
Page 62 and 63: Responding to Proliferation that Ha
Page 66 and 67: 545B (45p x 28p)
Page 68 and 69: • Second, DoD elements are still
Page 71 and 72: (3) Maintain the regional responsib
Page 73 and 74: 5C (45p x 33p)61
Page 75 and 76: and related areas (such as instrume
Page 77 and 78: Recommendation 5.10: DOE’s prolif
Page 79 and 80: While there has been considerable p
Page 81 and 82: Recommendation 5.13: The President
Page 83 and 84: Recommendation 5.16: The Director o
Page 85 and 86: own export control system. This eff
Page 87 and 88: For a variety of reasons, however,
Page 89 and 90: In theory, all goods leaving or ent
Page 91 and 92: Committee on Foreign Investment in
Page 93 and 94: context. The results of this assess
Page 95 and 96: when grand jury secrecy no longer a
Page 97 and 98: The FBI’s National Security Divis
Page 99 and 100: Commission notes that the FBI has i
Page 101 and 102: Departments of Health and Human Ser
Page 103 and 104: Department of AgricultureThe Depart
Page 105: As discussed in Chapter 3, collabor
Page 108 and 109: SEC. 711. ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMISSI
Page 110 and 111: (C) existing arrangements governing
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(a) Extension of Deadline for Submi
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on the Senate Budget and Commerce,
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106
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Richard K. BettsCouncil on Foreign
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William CohenSecretary of DefenseCo
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EWilliam EckertDepartment of StateR
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Thomas GrahamSecond Choice Foundati
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Robert JosephDirector for Counterpr
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Jacob L. LewDirectorOffice of Manag
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Michael MoodiePresidentChemical and
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Paul RobinsonPresident and Laborato
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Owen J. SheaksSpecial AdvisorVerifi
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Bonni G. TischlerAssistant Commissi
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Gillian WoollettAssociate VP for Bi
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7. List and describe the authoritie
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17. What deficiencies and strengths
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Subgroup on Nuclear Export Coordina
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Groups Addressing WMD Accident, Eme
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IAEA Steering CommitteeChair: State
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Title (Legislation that Contains Re
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Appendix G: Resource Allocation—B
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Department of State• NDF• NIS e
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Department of Agriculture• Select
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AbbreviationsAGARSCBRNCDCCFIUSCPDCT
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Appendix H: Technology AcquisitionA
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to change; up-to-date data should b
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this activity: the Materials Protec
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National Goal: Military Action (Inc
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• PE 602715BR: Hard Target Defeat
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• Active defensesTechnology Progr
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that provides an order-of-magnitude
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Additional ViewsAdditional Views of
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The following is a brief outline of
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Additional Views of Margo D. B. Car
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Annex:Organizational OverviewsExecu
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policies through a briefing schedul
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The current Senior Director, as wit
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Although responsibility for prolife
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• the Under Secretary of Defense
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Treaty negotiations, U.S. nuclear p
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• integrated national policies fo
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President with the Prime Minister o
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A small secretariat guides the day-
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U.S.-Russia Proliferation Issues in
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and procedures; assessing competing
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Senate, and who is also dual-hatted
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Department of StateThe Non-prolifer
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(CTBT). The Verification and Compli
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The Science Centers are established
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Enhancing Export Controls 3Demilita
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KazakhstanRussiaStrategic Offensive
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UkraineThis assistance is to preven
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esource management, and to improve
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This expansion will cover the secur
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esearch and development in areas su
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warfighting plans are developed in
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The office of the Assistant Secreta
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Directive 5134.9, and is responsibl
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• The Counter-proliferation Progr
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4 Mitigate the Effects of WMD Use5
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U.S. Army Top Ranked Specific Milit
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• The Director, Defense Research
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Technology—has primary oversight
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• Recommendation 1 to reinforce t
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AEC’s successor agencies, the Dep
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Components of NN-40 include the Int
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ensure excess fissile material no l
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X07, 18x24• participate with the
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Nuclear Regulatory CommissionBackgr
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Office of International Programs. T
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The Intelligence CommunityThe Intel
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The DCI Nonproliferation Center, un
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Findings of the Aspin-Brown and Jer
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Department of CommerceThe Bureau of
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Office of Exporter Services. In add
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The OC weighs the intelligence info
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important weapon in BXA’s arsenal
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Non-proliferation and Export Contro
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The Customs Service’s response to
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An additional benefit to the Bureau
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The Exon-Florio provision does not
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Combating Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction

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