Combating Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction

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• Proposed agreements for peaceful nuclear cooperation, concluded by theDepartment of State under section 123 of the Atomic Energy Act;• “Subsequent arrangements” by the Department of Energy under section131 of the Atomic Energy Act;• Transfers of technology authorized by the Secretary of Energy under section57b of the Atomic Energy Act; and• Commerce Department regulations controlling dual-use exports withpotential nuclear applications, under section 309c of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act.Export controls are not a major priority for the NRC, and few resources are allocated to thisfunction. Less than one percent of the NRC staff deals with export issues, and theworkload of NRC licenses is expected to remain constant at only 75 to 100 applicationsper year. For technical expertise, the Office of International Programs primarily relies onthe Department of Energy and its national laboratories. (On safeguards issues, it alsorelies on the NRC Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards.)X04, 27 x 2272
The Intelligence CommunityThe Intelligence Community (IC) consists of the 13 executive branch organizations thatconduct the range of intelligence activities constituting the total U.S. national intelligenceeffort. The IC is headed by the Director of Central Intelligence, who simultaneously servesas Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). In addition to the CIA, the IC includesthe Defense Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency, Army Intelligence, NavyIntelligence, Air Force Intelligence, Marine Corps Intelligence, the National Imagery andMapping Agency, the National Reconnaissance Office, the Federal Bureau ofInvestigation, the Department of the Treasury, the Department of Energy, and theDepartment of State.One component of the IC worthy of special mention is the DCI Nonproliferation Center,which is responsible for managing and coordinating U.S. intelligence support toproliferation-related policy.DCI Nonproliferation Center (NPC): BackgroundOriginally established on September 17, 1991, within the Directorate of Intelligence andadministratively subordinated to the Office of Scientific and Weapons Research (OSWR),the Nonproliferation Center’s mission was to track the worldwide development andacquisition of production technology, designs, components, or complete military systemsin the areas of weapons of mass destruction and advanced conventional weaponry. Onbehalf of the DCI, the NPC provided IC-coordinated assessments to U.S. policy agenciesresponsible for these issues and support to proliferation-related monitoring andcompliance activities, such as UN inspection teams. The Center was also tasked withdeveloping requirements, strategies, and data bases for IC support to U.S. policy andenforcement agencies.In April 1992, then-DCI Robert Gates raised NPC’s stature by making it a DCI Center andremoving it from OSWR’s administrative control. The Director of the NPC, Gordon Oehler,became the senior IC spokesperson on proliferation-related issues. At the time, the NPCwas directed to plan and execute a proliferation-related strategic plan that actively involvedall elements of the IC. On March 25, 1993, DCI R. James Woolsey designated the Directorof the NPC as his Special Assistant for Nonproliferation. The DCI also broadened theNPC’s mission, assigning it principal responsibility for ensuring the coordination of ICproliferation-related analysis and support to the policy, export licensing, law-enforcement,military, and operations communities. Specific areas were identified so that the NPC couldimprove the planning, coordination, management, and effectiveness of IC proliferationrelatedactivities.73
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CombatingProliferation ofWeapons of
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ContentsExecutive Summary vIntroduc
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Executive SummaryEvery American sho
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Similarly, the Commission assessed
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ole as a supplier of ballistic miss
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economic, political, and diplomatic
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Sixth, we must prepare for the thre
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82A (45p x 55p)
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An improved mechanism for White Hou
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esolved before the meetings occur.
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In advising the President and ViceP
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Recommendation 2.3: The President s
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Chapter 3Managing the Interagency P
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the CPC will need to set program re
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Agency Budget ProcessesRecommendati
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The Persian Gulf War gave vivid war
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One example of poor coordination is
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The lengthy time required for techn
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• facilitating other countries’
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efficiently among the departments,
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organizations about proliferation t
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The Proper Role of Export Controls
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Second, many of the countries that
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function is shared as a statutory r
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coherent and effective non-prolifer
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and training opportunities that wil
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The Commission believes this reorga
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Responding to Proliferation that Ha
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Recommendation 5.4: The National Di
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545B (45p x 28p)
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• Second, DoD elements are still
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(3) Maintain the regional responsib
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5C (45p x 33p)61
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and related areas (such as instrume
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Recommendation 5.10: DOE’s prolif
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While there has been considerable p
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Recommendation 5.13: The President
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Recommendation 5.16: The Director o
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own export control system. This eff
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For a variety of reasons, however,
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In theory, all goods leaving or ent
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Committee on Foreign Investment in
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context. The results of this assess
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when grand jury secrecy no longer a
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The FBI’s National Security Divis
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Commission notes that the FBI has i
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Departments of Health and Human Ser
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Department of AgricultureThe Depart
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As discussed in Chapter 3, collabor
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SEC. 711. ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMISSI
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(C) existing arrangements governing
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serve without compensation in addit
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(a) Extension of Deadline for Submi
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on the Senate Budget and Commerce,
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106
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Richard K. BettsCouncil on Foreign
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William CohenSecretary of DefenseCo
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EWilliam EckertDepartment of StateR
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Thomas GrahamSecond Choice Foundati
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Robert JosephDirector for Counterpr
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Jacob L. LewDirectorOffice of Manag
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Michael MoodiePresidentChemical and
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Paul RobinsonPresident and Laborato
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Owen J. SheaksSpecial AdvisorVerifi
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Bonni G. TischlerAssistant Commissi
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Gillian WoollettAssociate VP for Bi
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7. List and describe the authoritie
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17. What deficiencies and strengths
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Subgroup on Nuclear Export Coordina
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Groups Addressing WMD Accident, Eme
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IAEA Steering CommitteeChair: State
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Title (Legislation that Contains Re
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Appendix G: Resource Allocation—B
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Department of State• NDF• NIS e
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Department of Agriculture• Select
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AbbreviationsAGARSCBRNCDCCFIUSCPDCT
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Appendix H: Technology AcquisitionA
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to change; up-to-date data should b
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this activity: the Materials Protec
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National Goal: Military Action (Inc
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• PE 602715BR: Hard Target Defeat
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• Active defensesTechnology Progr
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that provides an order-of-magnitude
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Additional ViewsAdditional Views of
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The following is a brief outline of
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Additional Views of Margo D. B. Car
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Annex:Organizational OverviewsExecu
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policies through a briefing schedul
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The current Senior Director, as wit
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Although responsibility for prolife
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• the Under Secretary of Defense
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Treaty negotiations, U.S. nuclear p
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• integrated national policies fo
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President with the Prime Minister o
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A small secretariat guides the day-
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U.S.-Russia Proliferation Issues in
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Page 213 and 214: (CTBT). The Verification and Compli
Page 215 and 216: The Science Centers are established
Page 217 and 218: Enhancing Export Controls 3Demilita
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Page 231 and 232: The office of the Assistant Secreta
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Page 235 and 236: • The Counter-proliferation Progr
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Page 241 and 242: • The Director, Defense Research
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Page 245 and 246: • Recommendation 1 to reinforce t
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Page 249 and 250: Components of NN-40 include the Int
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Page 255 and 256: Nuclear Regulatory CommissionBackgr
Page 257: Office of International Programs. T
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Page 263 and 264: Findings of the Aspin-Brown and Jer
Page 265 and 266: Department of CommerceThe Bureau of
Page 267 and 268: Office of Exporter Services. In add
Page 269 and 270: The OC weighs the intelligence info
Page 271 and 272: important weapon in BXA’s arsenal
Page 273 and 274: Non-proliferation and Export Contro
Page 275 and 276: The Customs Service’s response to
Page 277 and 278: An additional benefit to the Bureau
Page 279: The Exon-Florio provision does not
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Combating Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction

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