Temperature - European Investment Bank

WEST AFRICAN POWER POOL (WAPP) PÖYRY ENERGY LTD.
Mount Coffee HPP ESIA and RAP 2012-09-18
ESIA Report Page 125
17.2.2.4 Epidemiological Profile: Morbidity Analysis
Weight of waterborne diseases
Key elements were used to assess the morbidity and its determinants (parasites, vectors,
physical environment), as well as the leading causes of death. Waterborne diseases are
highly correlated with poor individual and environmental hygiene. This poor sanitation
and hygiene is itself due to limited capacities in waste management and garbage disposal
which in turn contribute to an unsafe environment conducive to bloody diarrhoea, typhoid
and intestinal infections. Very few cases of cholera were recorded in 2011.
Improved access to water and sanitation is emerging as a key strategy to reverse the
rising trend of child mortality and waterborne diseases such as amoebiasis,
schistosomiasis, intestinal parasites and bloody diarrhoea. Based on information
collected and acknowledging the fact that reliability cannot be guaranteed at this stage,
the prevalence of these diseases from EPI statistics are approximately 40% for diarrhoea
and 55% for intestinal parasites. Cholera would represent 7% of consultations in
emergency.
Main diseases, potential vectors and determinants
Table 17-3: Main diseases, potential vectors and determinants
Diseases Potential parasite species Vectors/substrates
Malaria Plasmodium sp. (> 90% falciparum) Anopheles
Filariasis
W. bancrofti
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Mansonella perstans
Aedes africanus
Chrysops
Simulium damnosum
Culicoïdes
Typhoid Salmonella sp. Food substrates, drinking water
Scabies Waste water
Acute Respiratory
Infections
(Staphylococcus Mycoplasma,
Streptococcus Bordetella?)
STD/AIDS HIV: Trichomonas, Ureaplasma,
Mycoplasma, (Treponema?)
Diarrhoea (Salmonella, Entamoeba,
Escherichia, Vibrio, Campylobacter
Staphylococcus)
Ambient air, flourishing vegetation
Blood, human sexual secretions (sperm and
vaginal secretions)
Food substrates, drinking water
Gastroenteritis Food substrates, organic wastes, excreta
Amoebiasis Entamoeba (coli, histolitica ?) Food substrates, organic wastes, excreta
Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ambient air, physical substrates
Worm infections (Ascaris, whipworms, hookworms,
nematodes, pinworms, tapeworms)
Leading causes of morbidity and mortality
Food substrates, organic wastes, excreta
Several conditions maintain a high level of mortality. Among these diseases, malaria
and anaemia are by far the first leading causes. We do not assess differences among