Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals - Office of ...

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ENVIRONMENT, hOUSING, ANd MANAGEMENT3sole means of assessing the effectiveness of the sanitation program. A decisionto alter the frequency of cage bedding changes or cage washing shouldbe based on such factors as ammonia concentration, bedding condition,appearance of the cage and animals, and the number and size of animalshoused in the cage.Mechanical washer function should be evaluated regularly and includeexamination of mechanical components such as spray arms and movingheaders as well as spray nozzles to ensure that they are functioning appropriately.If sanitation is temperature dependent, the use of temperature-sensingdevices (e.g., thermometers, probes, or temperature-sensitive indicatorstrips) is recommended to ensure that the equipment being sanitized isexposed to the desired conditions.Whether the sanitation process is automated or manual, regular evaluationof sanitation effectiveness is recommended. This can be performedby evaluating processed materials by microbiologic culture or the use oforganic material detection systems (e.g., adenosine triphosphate [ATP] bioluminescence)and/or by confirming the removal of artificial soil applied toequipment surfaces before washing.Waste disposal Conventional, biologic, and hazardous waste should beremoved and disposed of regularly and safely (Hill 1999). There are severaloptions for effective waste disposal. Contracts with licensed commercialwaste disposal firms usually provide some assurance of regulatory complianceand safety. On-site incineration should comply with all federal, state,and local regulations (Nadelkov 1996).Adequate numbers of properly labeled waste receptacles should bestrategically placed throughout the facility. Waste containers should be leakproofand equipped with tight-fitting lids. It is good practice to use disposableliners and to wash containers and implements regularly. There shouldbe a dedicated waste storage area that can be kept free of insects and othervermin. If cold storage is used to hold material before disposal, a properlylabeled, dedicated refrigerator, freezer, or cold room should be used that isreadily sanitized.Hazardous wastes must be rendered safe by sterilization, containment,or other appropriate means before their removal from the facility (DHHS2009 or most recent edition; NRC 1989, 1995b). Radioactive wastes shouldbe kept in properly labeled containers and their disposal closely coordinatedwith radiation safety specialists in accord with federal and stateregulations; the federal government and most states and municipalitieshave regulations controlling disposal of hazardous wastes. Compliance withregulations concerning hazardous-agent use (see Chapter 2) and disposal isan institutional responsibility.Infectious animal carcasses can be incinerated on site or collected bya licensed contractor. Use of chemical digesters (alkaline hydrolysis treat-
4GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAbORATORy ANIMALSment) may be considered in some situations (Kaye et al. 1998; Murphy etal. 2009). Procedures for on-site packaging, labeling, transportation, andstorage of these wastes should be integrated into occupational health andsafety policies (Richmond et al. 2003).Hazardous wastes that are toxic, carcinogenic, flammable, corrosive,reactive, or otherwise unstable should be placed in properly labeled containersand disposed of as recommended by occupational health and safetyspecialists. In some circumstances, these wastes can be consolidated orblended. Sharps and glass should be disposed of in a manner that will preventinjury to waste handlers.Pest Control Programs designed to prevent, control, or eliminate the presenceof or infestation by pests are essential in an animal environment. Aregularly scheduled and documented program of control and monitoringshould be implemented. The ideal program prevents the entry of vermin andeliminates their harborage in the facility (Anadon et al. 2009; Easterbrook etal. 2008). For animals in outdoor facilities, consideration should be givento eliminating or minimizing the potential risk associated with pests andpredators.Pesticides can induce toxic effects on research animals and interferewith experimental procedures (Gunasekara et al. 2008). They should beused in animal areas only when necessary and investigators whose animalsmay be exposed to them should be consulted beforehand. Use of pesticidesshould be recorded and coordinated with the animal care management staffand be in compliance with federal, state, or local regulations. Wheneverpossible, nontoxic means of pest control, such as insect growth regulators(Donahue et al. 1989; Garg and Donahue 1989; King and Bennett 1989;Verma 2002) and nontoxic substances (e.g., amorphous silica gel), shouldbe used. If traps are used, methods should be humane; traps that catch pestsalive require frequent observation and humane euthanasia after capture(Mason and Littin 2003; Meerburg et al. 2008).Emergency, Weekend, and holiday Care Animals should be cared for byqualified personnel every day, including weekends and holidays, both tosafeguard their well-being and to satisfy research requirements. Emergencyveterinary care must be available after work hours, on weekends, and onholidays.In the event of an emergency, institutional security personnel and fire orpolice officials should be able to reach people responsible for the animals.Notification can be enhanced by prominently posting emergency procedures,names, or telephone numbers in animal facilities or by placing themin the security department or telephone center. Emergency procedures forhandling special facilities or operations should be prominently posted andpersonnel trained in emergency procedures for these areas. A disaster plan
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GUIDEFOR THE CARE AND USE OFLABORAT
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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MembersINSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANI
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INSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANIMAL RES
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ReviewersThis eighth edition of the
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PrefaceThe purpose of the Guide for
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PREFACExwho soon recognized that th
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xiiiOVERVIEWing the growing role of
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Contents1 KEy CONCEPTS 1Applicabili
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CONTENTSxxiiiAquatic Management, 84
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CONTENTSxxSpecies-Specific Referenc
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2 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAb
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2Animal Care and Use ProgramThe pro
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 13of li
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 15ers a
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1used (C
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1severit
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 21Insti
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Page 132 and 133: 4Veterinary CareVeterinary care is
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VETERINARy CARE 123used in combinat
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VETERINARy CARE 125Arndt SS, Lohave
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VETERINARy CARE12Haines DC, Gorelic
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VETERINARy CARE12Morton CM, Reid J,
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VETERINARy CARE 131Stoskopf MK. 199
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156 AddENdUM4. Page 32. Original se
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Appendices
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appendixBU.S. Government Principles
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appendixCStatement of TaskThe use o
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appendixDAbout the AuthorsJanet C.
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS 205of
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS20Amer
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IndexAAcclimation and adaptation, 1
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INdEX 211Behavioral and social mana
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INdEX 213Disinfection, 20, 51, 52,
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INdEX 215Hydrogen peroxide, 72Hygie
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INdEXrecommended reading, 169-170re
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INdEX21pain and distress, 121-122re
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