Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals - Office of ...

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5Physical PlantGENERAL CONSIDERATIONSAwell-planned, well-designed, well-constructed, properly maintainedand managed facility is an important element of humane animalcare and use as it facilitates efficient, economical, and safe operation(see Appendix A, Design and Construction of Animal Facilities). Thedesign and size of an animal facility depend on the scope of institutionalresearch activities, the animals to be housed, the physical relationship tothe rest of the institution, and the geographic location.Effective planning and design should include input from personnelexperienced with animal facility design, engineering, and operation, aswell as from representative users of the proposed facility. Computationalfluid dynamics (CFD), building information modeling, and literature onpostoccupancy analysis of space use may provide benefits when designingfacilities and caging (Eastman et al. 2008; Reynolds 2008; Ross et al. 2009).An animal facility should be designed and constructed in accord with allapplicable building codes; in areas with substantial seismic activity thebuilding planning and design should incorporate the recommendations ofthe Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC 2001; Vogelweid et al. 2005).Because animal model development and use can be expected to changeduring the life cycle of an animal facility, facilities should be designed toaccommodate changes in use. Modular units (such as custom-designed trailersor prefabricated structures) should comply with construction guidelinesdescribed in this chapter.133
134 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAbORATORy ANIMALSBuilding materials for animal facilities should be selected to facilitateefficient and hygienic operation. Durable, moisture- and vermin-proof, fireresistant,seamless materials are most desirable for interior surfaces, whichshould be highly resistant to the effects of cleaning agents, scrubbing, highpressuresprays, and impact. Paints and glazes should be nontoxic if used onsurfaces with which animals will have direct contact. In the construction ofoutdoor facilities, consideration should be given to surfaces that withstandthe elements and can be easily maintained.LocationQuality animal management and human comfort and health protectionrequire separation of animal facilities from personnel areas, such as officesand conference rooms. Separation can be accomplished by having theanimal quarters in a separate building, wing, floor, or room. Careful planningshould make it possible to place animal housing areas next to or nearresearch laboratories but separated from them by barriers, such as entrylocks, corridors, or floors. Additional considerations include the impact ofnoise and vibration generated from within the facility and from surroundingareas of the building, as well as security of the facility.Animals should be housed in facilities dedicated to or assigned for thatpurpose, not in laboratories merely for convenience. If animals must bemaintained in a laboratory to satisfy the scientific aims of a protocol, thatspace should be appropriate to house and care for the animals and its uselimited to the period during which it is required. If needed, measures shouldbe taken to minimize occupational hazards related to exposure to animalsboth in the research area and during transport to and from the area.Centralization Versus DecentralizationIn a physically centralized animal facility, support, care, and use areasare adjacent to the animal housing space. Decentralized animal housingand use occur in space that is not solely dedicated to animal care or supportor is physically separated from the support areas and animal care personnel.Centralization often reduces operating costs, providing a more efficient flowof animal care supplies, equipment, and personnel; more efficient use ofenvironmental controls; and less duplication of support services. Centralizationreduces the needs for transporting animals between housing and studysites, thereby minimizing the risks of transport stress and exposure to diseaseagents; affords greater security by providing the opportunity to control facilityaccess; and increases the ease of monitoring staff and animals.Decentralized animal facilities generally cost more to constructbecause of the requirement for specialized environmental systems and
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GUIDEFOR THE CARE AND USE OFLABORAT
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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MembersINSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANI
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INSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANIMAL RES
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ReviewersThis eighth edition of the
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PrefaceThe purpose of the Guide for
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PREFACExwho soon recognized that th
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xiiiOVERVIEWing the growing role of
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Contents1 KEy CONCEPTS 1Applicabili
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CONTENTSxxiiiAquatic Management, 84
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CONTENTSxxSpecies-Specific Referenc
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2Animal Care and Use ProgramThe pro
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 13of li
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 15ers a
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1used (C
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1severit
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 21Insti
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 23et al
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 25compe
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM2Special
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 31least
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 33disea
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 35DISAS
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3Environment, Housing,and Managemen
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ENVIRONMENT, hOUSING, ANd MANAGEMEN
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Page 140 and 141: VETERINARy CARE 113and serology. If
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appendixBU.S. Government Principles
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appendixCStatement of TaskThe use o
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appendixDAbout the AuthorsJanet C.
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS 205of
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS20Amer
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IndexAAcclimation and adaptation, 1
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INdEX 211Behavioral and social mana
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INdEX 213Disinfection, 20, 51, 52,
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INdEX 215Hydrogen peroxide, 72Hygie
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INdEXrecommended reading, 169-170re
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INdEX21pain and distress, 121-122re
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