Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals - Office of ...

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PhySICAL PLANT 135controls in multiple sites. Duplicate equipment (e.g., cage washers) maybe needed, or soiled materials may need to be moved distances for processing.But decentralization may be preferred for certain specializedresearch services such as imaging, quarantine, and proximity to researchfacilities, or for biosecurity reasons. Decentralization may be necessary toaccommodate large or complex equipment, such as magnetic resonanceimaging, or to permit space sharing by users from multiple facilities orinstitutions. The opportunity for exposure to disease agents is much greaterin these situations and special consideration should be given to biosecurity,including transportation to and from the site, quarantine before orafter use of the specialized research area, and environmental and equipmentdecontamination.The decisions leading to selection of physically centralized versusdecentralized animal facilities should be made early and carefully andshould involve all stakeholders (NRC 1996; Ruys 1991).FUNCTIONAL AREASProfessional judgment should be exercised in the development of apractical, functional, and efficient physical plant for animal care and use.The size, nature, and intensity of an institutional Program (see Chapter 2)will determine the specific facility and support functions needed. In facilitiesthat are small, maintain few animals, or maintain animals under specialconditions—such as facilities used exclusively for housing gnotobiotic orspecific pathogen-free (SPF) colonies or animals in runs, pens, or outdoorhousing—some functional areas listed below may be unnecessary or maybe included in a multipurpose area.Space is required for the following:• animal housing, care, and sanitation• receipt, quarantine, separation, and/or rederivation of animals• separation of species or isolation of individual projects whennecessary• storage.Most multipurpose animal facilities may also include the following:• specialized laboratories or space contiguous with or near animalhousing areas for such activities as surgery, intensive care,necropsy, irradiation, preparation of special diets, experimentalprocedures, behavioral testing, imaging, clinical treatment, anddiagnostic laboratory procedures
136 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAbORATORy ANIMALS• containment facilities or equipment, if hazardous biologic, physical,or chemical agents are to be used• barrier facilities for housing of SPF rodents, especially valuablegenetically modified animals, or irreplaceable animal models• receiving and storage areas for food, bedding, pharmaceuticals,biologics, and supplies• space for washing and sterilizing equipment and supplies and,depending on the volume of work, machines for washing cages,bottles, glassware, racks, and waste cans; a utility sink; a sterilizerfor equipment, food, and bedding; and separate areas for holdingsoiled and clean equipment• space for storing wastes before incineration or removal• space for cold storage or disposal of carcasses• space for administrative and supervisory personnel, including spacefor staff training and education• showers, sinks, lockers, toilets, and break areas for personnel• security features, such as card-key systems, electronic surveillance,and alarms• areas for maintenance and repair of specialized animal housingsystems and equipment.CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINESCorridorsCorridors should be wide enough to facilitate the movement of personneland equipment; a width of 6 to 8 feet can accommodate the needs ofmost facilities. Floor-wall junctions should be designed to facilitate cleaning.Protective rails or bumpers are recommended and, if provided, shouldbe sealed or manufactured to prevent vermin access. In corridors leading todog or swine housing facilities, cage-washing facilities, and other high-noiseareas, double-door entry vestibules or other noise traps should be considered.Similar entries are advisable for areas leading to nonhuman primatehousing as a means to reduce the potential for escape. Double-door entryvestibules also permit air locks in these and other areas where directionalairflow is critical for containment or protection. Wherever possible, waterlines, drainpipes, reheat coils and valves, electric service connections, andother utilities should be accessible via interstitial space or through accesspanels or chases in corridors outside the animal rooms. Fire alarms, fireextinguishers, and telephones should be recessed, installed high enough,or shielded by protective guards to prevent damage from the movement oflarge equipment.
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GUIDEFOR THE CARE AND USE OFLABORAT
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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MembersINSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANI
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INSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANIMAL RES
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ReviewersThis eighth edition of the
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PrefaceThe purpose of the Guide for
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PREFACExwho soon recognized that th
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xiiiOVERVIEWing the growing role of
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Contents1 KEy CONCEPTS 1Applicabili
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CONTENTSxxiiiAquatic Management, 84
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CONTENTSxxSpecies-Specific Referenc
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2 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAb
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2Animal Care and Use ProgramThe pro
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 13of li
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 15ers a
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1used (C
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1severit
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 21Insti
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 23et al
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 25compe
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM2Special
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM2help to
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 31least
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 33disea
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 35DISAS
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM3DHHS [D
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM3Olfert
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3Environment, Housing,and Managemen
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ENVIRONMENT, hOUSING, ANd MANAGEMEN
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Page 132 and 133: 4Veterinary CareVeterinary care is
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appendixBU.S. Government Principles
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appendixCStatement of TaskThe use o
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appendixDAbout the AuthorsJanet C.
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS 205of
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS20Amer
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IndexAAcclimation and adaptation, 1
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INdEX 211Behavioral and social mana
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INdEX 213Disinfection, 20, 51, 52,
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INdEX 215Hydrogen peroxide, 72Hygie
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INdEXrecommended reading, 169-170re
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INdEX21pain and distress, 121-122re
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