Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals - Office of ...

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KEy CONCEPTSexpertise, and research goals) so that implementation can be best tailoredto meet the recommendations in the Guide.Ideally, engineering and performance standards are balanced, setting atarget for optimal practices, management, and operations while encouragingflexibility and judgment, if appropriate, based on individual situations(Gonder et al. 2001).Scientists, veterinarians, technicians, and others have extensive experienceand information covering many of the topics discussed in the Guide.For topics on which information is insufficient or incomplete, sustainedresearch into improved methods of laboratory animal management, care,and use is needed for the continued evaluation and improvement of performanceand engineering standards.Practice standard means the application of professional judgment by qualified,experienced individuals to a task or process over time, an approachthat has been demonstrated to benefit or enhance animal care and use. Professionaljudgment comes from information in the peer-reviewed scientificliterature and textbooks and, as in many other disciplines, from time-provenexperiences in the field (for additional information see Chapter 2). In theabsence of published scientific literature or other definitive sources, whereexperience has demonstrated that a particular practice improves animalcare and use, practice standards have been used in determining appropriaterecommendations in the Guide. In most situations, the Guide is intended toprovide flexibility so that institutions can modify practices and procedureswith changing conditions and new information.POLICIES, PRINCIPLES, AND PROCEDURESPolicies commonly derive from a public agency or private entity. Theyare generally practical statements of collective wisdom, convention, ormanagement direction that are internal to the entity. However, policies mayassume broader force when they become the means by which an implementingagency interprets existing statutes (e.g., PHS Policy). Principlesare broader in their scope and intended application, and are acceptedgeneralizations about a topic that are frequently endorsed by many anddiverse organizations (e.g., the U.S. Government Principles). Procedures(often called “operating procedures” or “standard operating procedures”)are typically detailed, step-by-step processes meant to ensure the consistentapplication of institutional practices. Establishing standard operating procedurescan assist an institution in complying with regulations, policies, andprinciples as well as with day-to-day operations and management.
8 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAbORATORy ANIMALSMUST, SHOULD, AND MAyMust indicates actions that the Committee for the Update of the Guideconsiders imperative and mandatory duty or requirement for providinghumane animal care and use. Should indicates a strong recommendationfor achieving a goal; however, the Committee recognizes that individualcircumstances might justify an alternative strategy. May indicates a suggestionto be considered.The Guide is written in general terms so that its recommendations canbe applied in diverse institutions and settings that produce or use animals forresearch, teaching, and testing. This approach requires that users, IACUCs,veterinarians, and producers apply professional judgment in making specificdecisions regarding animal care and use. Because the Guide is written ingeneral terms, IACUCs have a key role in interpretation, implementation,oversight, and evaluation of institutional animal care and use programs.REFERENCESAWA [Animal Welfare Act]. 1990. Animal Welfare Act. PL (Public Law) 89-544. Available atwww.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/awa.htm; accessed January 14, 2010.Gonder JC, Smeby RR, Wolfle TL. 2001. Performance Standards and Animal Welfare: Definition,Application and Assessment, Parts I and II. Greenbelt MD: Scientists Center forAnimal Welfare.IRAC [Interagency Research Animal Committee]. 1985. U.S. Government Principles for Utilizationand Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training. FederalRegister, May 20, 1985. Washington: Office of Science and Technology Policy. Availableat http://oacu.od.nih.gov/regs/USGovtPrncpl.htm; accessed May 10, 2010.Klein HJ, Bayne KA. 2007. Establishing a culture of care, conscience, and responsibility:Addressing the improvement of scientific discovery and animal welfare through sciencebasedperformance standards. ILAR J 48:3-11.McCarthy CR. 1999. Bioethics of laboratory animal research. ILAR J 40:1-37.NASA [National Aeronautics and Space Administration]. 2008. NASA Principles for the EthicalCare and Use of Animals. NPR 8910.1B-Appendix A. May 28. Available at http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/displayDir.cfm?t=NPDandc=8910ands=1B; accessed May 10, 2010.NCB [Nuffield Council on Bioethics]. 2005. The Ethics of Research Using Animals. London:NCB.NIH [National Institutes of Health]. 2007. Memorandum of Understanding Between the Officeof Laboratory Animal Welfare, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health andHuman Services and the Office of Research Oversight and the Office of Research and Development,Veterans Health Administration, US Department of Veterans Affairs ConcerningLaboratory Animal Welfare. November 2007. Bethesda: Office of Extramural Research, NIH.Available at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/mou_olaw_va_2007_11.htm.NIH. 2006. Memorandum of Understanding Among the Animal and Plant Health InspectionService USDA and the Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health andHuman Services, and the National Institutes of Health Concerning Laboratory AnimalWelfare. March 1, 2006. Bethesda: Office of Extramural Research, NIH. Available athttp://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/finalmou.htm.
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Page 12 and 13: ReviewersThis eighth edition of the
Page 14 and 15: PrefaceThe purpose of the Guide for
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Page 22 and 23: Contents1 KEy CONCEPTS 1Applicabili
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4Veterinary CareVeterinary care is
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VETERINARy CARE10from these sources
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VETERINARy CARE10In all cases, appr
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VETERINARy CARE 111Depending on the
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VETERINARy CARE 113and serology. If
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VETERINARy CARE 115RecordkeepingMed
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VETERINARy CARE11traffic (AORN 2006
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VETERINARy CARE11Specific steriliza
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VETERINARy CARE 121(all), anorexia
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VETERINARy CARE 123used in combinat
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VETERINARy CARE 125Arndt SS, Lohave
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VETERINARy CARE12Haines DC, Gorelic
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VETERINARy CARE12Morton CM, Reid J,
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VETERINARy CARE 131Stoskopf MK. 199
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Appendices
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appendixBU.S. Government Principles
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appendixCStatement of TaskThe use o
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appendixDAbout the AuthorsJanet C.
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS 205of
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS20Amer
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IndexAAcclimation and adaptation, 1
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INdEX 211Behavioral and social mana
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INdEX 213Disinfection, 20, 51, 52,
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INdEX 215Hydrogen peroxide, 72Hygie
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INdEXrecommended reading, 169-170re
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INdEX21pain and distress, 121-122re
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