Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals - Office of ...

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PhySICAL PLANT14monolithic room surfaces that do not promote dust accumulation and areeasy to sanitize, increased air exchange rates to dilute environmental contaminationif it occurs, air pressure differentials to ensure that areas containinghazards have negative pressure with respect to surrounding areas,specialized housing systems, if available, and appropriate safety equipmentsuch as a biologic safety cabinet or chemical hood (CDC and NIH 2007).A number of references are available to provide an overview of the issuesrelated to hazardous material containment (Frazier and Talka 2005; Lehneret al. 2008; Lieberman 1995; NRC 1989, 1995)behavioral StudiesWhen planning a behavioral facility, special attention should be givento all aspects of facility design, construction, equipment, and use that maygenerate conditions that inappropriately stimulate the senses of the testanimals. It is frequently necessary to maintain animals in an environment,especially during periods of testing and observation, with strict control overauditory, visual, tactile, and olfactory stimuli. The facility site, as well as theengineering and construction methods used, should be carefully selectedto minimize airborne transmission of noise and groundborne transmissionof vibration.Noise and vibration may arise from the building’s structure, its equipment,or from human activities (see section on Noise). The frequenciesand intensity of sound, which stimulate auditory responses in the speciesbeing investigated, should guide the selection of construction materials,techniques, and equipment to minimize intrusions. For instance, the HVACsystem should be designed and components selected to ensure that noise,including ultrasonic frequencies, is not generated; fire alarm annunciatorsthat emit sound at a frequency not audible to rodents should be used; hardwareshould be provided on doors to enable them to close quietly; nonessentialnoise-generating equipment should be housed outside the study area;and personnel traffic should be minimized both in animal testing areas andin areas contiguous to them (Heffner and Heffner 2007). Attention should begiven to the control of aberrant visual cues, especially in circadian studies.The selection of the type, intensity, and control of lighting will likely differfrom other animal facility areas. A variety of specialized housing and testingsystems may also need to be accommodated in the facility.Special construction features may also be desirable. Double-door vestibuleentries to the behavioral facility, testing suites, or individual testingrooms may be useful as they can prevent noise, odors, and light from enteringthe behavioral testing area. Floor coverings that reduce sound transmissionshould be selected. Testing rooms may require floor drains, water sources,and increased floor loading to support specific behavioral testing apparatus.
150 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAbORATORy ANIMALSConsideration should be given to the types and amount of electronics andother equipment used to ensure that the HVAC system can accommodate theassociated heat loads. Airlocks and air pressure differentials between spacescan provide olfactory segregation of species and activities and thus reducethe risk of altered behavioral responses (ASHRAE 2007c).When possible, testing equipment should be designed in such a way asto allow surface disinfection between studies. Components that cannot becleaned or disinfected, such as computers and recording equipment, shouldbe located in areas where contact with animals is unlikely and should becovered when not in use (the use of computer keyboard covers may also bebeneficial). Provision of sufficient space for storage of behavioral apparatusand equipment should also be considered. As transportation to and from thetesting area may alter behavioral responses, consideration should be given toproviding housing areas contiguous with those used for testing; if such areasare provided, they should meet the requirements specified in the Guide.Aquatic Species HousingMany of the construction features described above are applicable tothose for aquatic species, but particular consideration should be given tothe housing systems used and the methods for maintaining the aquaticenvironment.The complexity of the life support system depends on the specieshoused and the size, type, and number of tanks and animals supported. Allsystems require a water source, which may require prior treatment (e.g.,ultraviolet sterilization and particulate, carbon, and ultrafiltration). Holdingareas for aquatic species should be provided with drains of a suitablesize and number to accommodate water released during system operationand maintenance or as a result of life support system or tank failure. Drainsshould not permit passage of animals or hazardous materials into the sanitarysystem without appropriate treatment.Materials used for floors, walls, and ceilings should be impervious towater while floors should be slip resistant and able to withstand the loadsinherent with large quantities of water. Electrical receptacles or circuits shouldbe ground-fault interrupted to prevent electrocution of personnel and animals.Doors and frames, supply diffusers, exhaust registers, lighting fixtures, HVACducts and components (exposed to high levels of moisture or corrosives), andother metallic elements should be made of moisture- and corrosion-resistantmaterials. Housing systems, life support system components, and plumbingused to distribute water after treatment, including adhesives to connectcomponents, should be constructed of materials that are nontoxic and biologicallyinert. If the macroenvironmental/room HVAC system is used as theprimary method for tempering the aquatic environment, sufficient ventila-
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GUIDEFOR THE CARE AND USE OFLABORAT
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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MembersINSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANI
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INSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANIMAL RES
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ReviewersThis eighth edition of the
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PrefaceThe purpose of the Guide for
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PREFACExwho soon recognized that th
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xiiiOVERVIEWing the growing role of
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Contents1 KEy CONCEPTS 1Applicabili
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CONTENTSxxiiiAquatic Management, 84
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CONTENTSxxSpecies-Specific Referenc
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2 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAb
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2Animal Care and Use ProgramThe pro
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 13of li
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 15ers a
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1used (C
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1severit
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 21Insti
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 23et al
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 25compe
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM2Special
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM2help to
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 31least
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 33disea
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 35DISAS
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM3DHHS [D
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM3Olfert
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3Environment, Housing,and Managemen
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ENVIRONMENT, hOUSING, ANd MANAGEMEN
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Page 132 and 133: 4Veterinary CareVeterinary care is
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appendixBU.S. Government Principles
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appendixCStatement of TaskThe use o
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appendixDAbout the AuthorsJanet C.
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS 205of
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS20Amer
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IndexAAcclimation and adaptation, 1
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INdEX 211Behavioral and social mana
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INdEX 213Disinfection, 20, 51, 52,
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INdEX 215Hydrogen peroxide, 72Hygie
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INdEXrecommended reading, 169-170re
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INdEX21pain and distress, 121-122re
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