Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals - Office of ...

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ENVIRONMENT, hOUSING, ANd MANAGEMENT5TABLE 3.2 Recommended Minimum Space for Commonly UsedLaboratory Rodents Housed in Groups*AnimalsWeight,gMice in 25Female +litterRats in 500Female +litterHamsters c 100Guinea pigs c Up to 350>350Floor Area/Animal, ain. 2 (cm 2 )6 (38.7)8 (51.6)12 (77.4)≥15 (≥96.7)51 (330)(recommendedspace for thehousing group)17 (109.6)23 (148.35)29 (187.05)40 (258.0)60 (387.0)≥70 (≥451.5)124 (800)(recommendedspace for thehousing group)10 (64.5)13 (83.8)16 (103.2)≥19 (≥122.5)60 (387.0)≥101 (≥651.5)Height, bin. (cm)5 (12.7)5 (12.7)5 (12.7)5 (12.7)CommentsLarger animals mayrequire more space tomeet the performancestandards.5 (12.7) Other breedingconfigurations may requiremore space and willdepend on considerationssuch as number of adultsand litters, and size andage of litters. d7 (17.8) Larger animals may7 (17.8) require more space to7 (17.8) meet the performance7 (17.8) standards.7 (17.8)7 (17.8)7 (17.8) Other breedingconfigurations may requiremore space and willdepend on considerationssuch as number of adultsand litters, and size andage of litters. d6 (15.2)6 (15.2)6 (15.2)6 (15.2)7 (17.8)7 (17.8)Larger animals mayrequire more space tomeet the performancestandards.Larger animals mayrequire more space tomeet the performancestandards.*The interpretation of this table should take into consideration the performance indicesdescribed in the text beginning on page 55.a Singly housed animals and small groups may require more than the applicable multiple ofthe indicated floor space per animal.b From cage floor to cage top.c Consideration should be given to the growth characteristics of the stock or strain as well as thesex of the animal. Weight gain may be sufficiently rapid that it may be preferable to providegreater space in anticipation of the animal’s future size. In addition, juvenile rodents are highlyactive and show increased play behavior.d Other considerations may include culling of litters or separation of litters from the breedinggroup, as well as other methods of more intensive management of available space to allowfor the safety and well-being of the breeding group. Sufficient space should be allocated formothers with litters to allow the pups to develop to weaning without detrimental effects for themother or the litter.
58 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAbORATORy ANIMALSanimal may be required, while larger groups may be housed at slightlyhigher densities.Studies have recently evaluated space needs and the effects ofsocial housing, group size, and density (Andrade and Guimaraes 2003;Bartolomucci et al. 2002, 2003; Georgsson et al. 2001; Gonder and Laber2007; Perez et al. 1997; A.L. Smith et al. 2004), age (Arakawa 2005;Davidson et al. 2007; Yildiz et al. 2007), and housing conditions (Gordonet al. 1998; Van Loo et al. 2004) for many different species and strains ofrodents, and have reported varying effects on behavior (such as aggression)and experimental outcomes (Karolewicz and Paul 2001; Laber et al. 2008;McGlone et al. 2001; Rock et al. 1997; Smith et al. 2005; Van Loo et al.2001). However, it is difficult to compare these studies due to the studydesign and experimental variables that have been measured. For example,variables that may affect the animals’ response to different cage sizes andhousing densities include, but are not limited to, species, strain (and socialbehavior of the strain), phenotype, age, gender, quality of the space (e.g.,vertical access), and structures placed in the cage. These issues remaincomplex and should be carefully considered when housing rodents.Other Common Laboratory Animals Tables 3.3 and 3.4 list recommendedminimum space for other common laboratory animals and for avian species.These allocations are based, in general, on the needs of pair- orgroup-housed animals. Space allocations should be reevaluated to providefor enrichment or to accommodate animals that exceed the weights in thetables, and should be based on species characteristics, behavior, compatibilityof the animals, number of animals, and goals of the housing situation(Held et al. 1995; Lupo et al. 2000; Raje 1997; Turner et al. 1997). Singlyhoused animals may require more space per animal than that recommendedfor group-housed animals, while larger groups may be housed atslightly higher densities. For cats, dogs, and some rabbits, housing enclosuresthat allow greater freedom of movement and less restricted verticalspace are preferred (e.g., kennels, runs, or pens instead of cages). Dogs andcats, especially when housed individually or in smaller enclosures (Bayne2002), should be allowed to exercise and provided with positive humaninteraction. Species-specific plans for housing and management shouldbe developed. Such plans should also include strategies for environmentalenrichment.Nonhuman Primates The recommended minimum space for nonhuman primatesdetailed in Table 3.5 is based on the needs of pair- or group-housedanimals. Like all social animals, nonhuman primates should normally havesocial housing (i.e., in compatible pairs or in larger groups of compatibleanimals) (Hotchkiss and Paule 2003; NRC 1998a; Weed and Watson 1998;
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GUIDEFOR THE CARE AND USE OFLABORAT
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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MembersINSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANI
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INSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANIMAL RES
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ReviewersThis eighth edition of the
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PrefaceThe purpose of the Guide for
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PREFACExwho soon recognized that th
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xiiiOVERVIEWing the growing role of
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Contents1 KEy CONCEPTS 1Applicabili
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CONTENTSxxiiiAquatic Management, 84
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CONTENTSxxSpecies-Specific Referenc
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2 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAb
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4 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAb
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Page 38 and 39: 2Animal Care and Use ProgramThe pro
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Page 132 and 133: 4Veterinary CareVeterinary care is
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VETERINARy CARE10from these sources
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VETERINARy CARE10In all cases, appr
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VETERINARy CARE 111Depending on the
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VETERINARy CARE 113and serology. If
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VETERINARy CARE 115RecordkeepingMed
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VETERINARy CARE11traffic (AORN 2006
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VETERINARy CARE11Specific steriliza
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VETERINARy CARE 121(all), anorexia
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VETERINARy CARE 123used in combinat
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VETERINARy CARE 125Arndt SS, Lohave
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VETERINARy CARE12Haines DC, Gorelic
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VETERINARy CARE12Morton CM, Reid J,
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VETERINARy CARE 131Stoskopf MK. 199
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156 AddENdUM4. Page 32. Original se
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Appendices
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appendixBU.S. Government Principles
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appendixCStatement of TaskThe use o
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appendixDAbout the AuthorsJanet C.
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS 205of
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS20Amer
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IndexAAcclimation and adaptation, 1
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INdEX 211Behavioral and social mana
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INdEX 213Disinfection, 20, 51, 52,
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INdEX 215Hydrogen peroxide, 72Hygie
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INdEXrecommended reading, 169-170re
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INdEX21pain and distress, 121-122re
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