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VETERINARy CARE 113and serology. If a disease or infectious agent is identified in a facility orcolony, the choice of therapy should be made by the veterinarian in consultationwith the investigator. If the animal is to remain in the study, theselected treatment plan should be therapeutically sound and, when possible,interfere minimally with the research process.Subclinical microbial infections (see Appendix A, Pathology, ClinicalPathology, and Parasitology) occur frequently in conventionally maintainedrodents but can also occur in facilities designed and maintained for productionand use of pathogen-free rodents if the microbial barrier is breached.Examples of infectious agents that can be subclinical but that may induceimmunologic changes or alter physiologic, pharmacologic, or toxicologicresponses are noroviruses, parvoviruses, mouse hepatitis virus, lymphocyticchoriomeningitis virus, and helicobacter spp. (Besselsen et al. 2008; Cliffordand Watson 2008; NRC 1991a,b,c). Scientific objectives of a particularprotocol, the consequences of infection in a specific strain of rodent, thepotential for zoonotic disease, and the adverse effects that infectious agentsmay have on other animals or protocols in a facility should determine thecharacteristics of rodent health surveillance programs and strategies forkeeping rodents free of specific pathogens.The principal methods for detecting microbial infections in animalpopulations are serologic tests (e.g., flow cytometric bead immunoassays,immunofluorescent assays) but other methods, such as DNA analysis usingpolymerase chain reaction (PCR), microbial culture, clinical chemistry (e.g.,lactate dehydrogenase virus), histopathology, and other validated emergingtechnologies, can also be used to make or confirm a diagnosis.Transplantable tumors, hybridomas, cell lines, blood products, andother biologic materials can be sources of both murine and human virusesthat can contaminate rodents or pose risks to laboratory personnel (Nicklaset al. 1993); rapid and effective assays are available to monitor microbiologiccontamination and should be considered before introducing suchmaterial into animals (Peterson 2008).Because health monitoring programs are dependent on the size and complexityof the Program, the species involved, and the institutional researchfocus, it is beyond the scope of the Guide to go into details about healthmonitoring programs for all species; additional references are in Appendix A(under Disease Surveillance, Diagnosis, and Treatment; Pathology, ClinicalPathology, and Parasitology; and Species-Specific References).CLINICAL CARE AND MANAGEMENTHealthy, well-cared-for animals are a prerequisite for good-qualityanimal-based science. The structure of the veterinary care program, includingthe number of qualified veterinarians, should be appropriate to fulfill the
114 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAbORATORy ANIMALSprogram‘s requirements, which will vary by institution, species used, andthe nature of the animal use. To be effective in providing clinical care, theveterinarian should be familiar with the species and various uses of animalsin the institutional research, teaching, testing, or production programs andhave access to medical and experimental treatment records.Medical ManagementThere should be a timely and accurate method for communication ofany abnormalities in or concerns about animal health, behavior, and wellbeingto the veterinarian or the veterinarian’s designee. The responsibilityfor communicating these concerns rests with all those involved with animalcare and use. Reports should be triaged to ensure that animals most in needreceive priority attention, and the veterinarian or veterinarian’s designeeshould perform an objective assessment of the animal(s) to determine anappropriate course of action.Well-planned experiments with clearly delineated scientific and humaneendpoints will help to ensure that a contingency plan is in place for problemsthat may arise during the study (see Chapter 2, Experimental andHumane Endpoints). For animals on research protocols, the veterinarian orveterinarian’s designee should make every effort to discuss any problemswith the principal investigator or project director to jointly determine themost appropriate course of treatment or action. Standard operating procedures(SOPs) may be developed for recurrent health conditions to expeditetreatment. Recurrent or significant problems involving experimental animalhealth should be communicated to the IACUC, and all treatments and outcomesshould be documented (USDA 1997).Emergency CareProcedures must be in place to provide for emergency veterinary careboth during and outside of regularly scheduled hours. Such proceduresmust enable animal care and research staff to make timely reports of animalinjury, illness, or death. A veterinarian or the veterinarian’s designee mustbe available to expeditiously assess the animal’s condition, treat the animal,investigate an unexpected death, or advise on euthanasia. In the case of apressing health problem, if the responsible person (e.g., investigator) is notavailable or if the investigator and veterinary staff cannot reach consensuson treatment, the veterinarian must have the authority, delegated by senioradministration (see Chapter 2, Institutional Official and Attending Veterinarian)and the IACUC, to treat the animal, remove it from the experiment,institute appropriate measures to relieve severe pain or distress, or performeuthanasia if necessary.
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GUIDEFOR THE CARE AND USE OFLABORAT
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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ReviewersThis eighth edition of the
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PrefaceThe purpose of the Guide for
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PREFACExwho soon recognized that th
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xiiiOVERVIEWing the growing role of
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Contents1 KEy CONCEPTS 1Applicabili
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CONTENTSxxiiiAquatic Management, 84
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CONTENTSxxSpecies-Specific Referenc
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2Animal Care and Use ProgramThe pro
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 13of li
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1used (C
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1severit
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 21Insti
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 25compe
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM2help to
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 31least
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 33disea
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM3DHHS [D
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3Environment, Housing,and Managemen
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ENVIRONMENT, hOUSING, ANd MANAGEMEN
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Page 132 and 133: 4Veterinary CareVeterinary care is
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appendixBU.S. Government Principles
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appendixCStatement of TaskThe use o
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appendixDAbout the AuthorsJanet C.
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS 205of
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS20Amer
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IndexAAcclimation and adaptation, 1
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INdEX 211Behavioral and social mana
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INdEX 213Disinfection, 20, 51, 52,
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INdEX 215Hydrogen peroxide, 72Hygie
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INdEXrecommended reading, 169-170re
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INdEX21pain and distress, 121-122re
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