Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals - Office of ...

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PhySICAL PLANT 145constructed of materials that are monolithic and impervious to moisture.Ventilation systems supplying filtered air at positive pressure can reducethe risk of postoperative infection (Ayscue 1986; Bartley 1993; Schonholtz1976). Careful location of air supply and exhaust ducts and appropriateroom ventilation rates are also recommended to minimize contamination(Ayliffe 1991; Bartley 1993; Holton and Ridgway 1993; Humphreys 1993).To facilitate cleaning, the operating rooms should have as little fixed equipmentas possible (Schonholtz 1976; UFAW 1989). Other operating roomfeatures to consider include surgical lights to provide adequate illumination(Ayscue 1986); sufficient electric outlets for support equipment; gasesto support anesthesia, surgical procedures, and gas-powered equipment;vacuum; and gas-scavenging capability.The surgical support area should be designed for washing and sterilizinginstruments and for storing instruments and supplies. Autoclaves are commonlyplaced in this area. It is often desirable to have a large sink in theanimal preparation area to facilitate cleaning of the animal and the operatingfacilities. A dressing area should be available for personnel to changeinto surgical attire; a multipurpose locker room can serve this function.There should be a scrub area for surgeons, equipped with foot, knee, orelectric-eye surgical sinks (Knecht et al. 1981). To minimize the potential forcontamination of the surgical site by aerosols generated during scrubbing,the scrub area should usually be outside the operating room and animalpreparation area.A postoperative recovery area should provide the physical environmentto support the needs of the animal during the period of anestheticand immediate postsurgical recovery and should be sited to allow adequateobservation of the animal during this period. The electric and mechanicalrequirements of monitoring and support equipment should be considered.The type of caging and support equipment will depend on the species andtypes of procedures but should be designed to be easily cleaned and tosupport physiologic functions, such as thermoregulation and respiration.Depending on the circumstances, a postoperative recovery area for farmanimals may be modified or nonexistent in some field situations, but precautionsshould be taken to minimize risk of injury to recovering animals.barrier FacilitiesBarrier facilities are designed and constructed to exclude the introductionof adventitious infectious agents from areas where animals of a definedhealth status are housed and used. They may be a portion of a larger facilityor a free-standing unit. While once used primarily for rodent productionfacilities and to maintain immunodeficient rodents, many newer facilitiesincorporate barrier features for housing specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice
146 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAbORATORy ANIMALSand rats, especially valuable genetically engineered animals, and SPF animalsof other species.Barrier facilities typically incorporate airlock or special entries (e.g., airor wet showers) for staff and supplies. Staff generally wear dedicated clothingand footwear, or freshly laundered, sterile, or disposable outer garmentssuch as gowns, head and shoe covers, gloves, and sometimes face masksprior to entry. Consumables, such as feed or bedding, that may harborinfectious agents are autoclaved or are gamma-irradiated by the supplierand surface decontaminated on entry. Drinking water may be autoclaved orsubject to specialized treatment (e.g., reverse osmosis filtration) to removeinfectious agents. Caging and other materials with which the animals havedirect contact may be sterilized after washing before reuse. Strict operationalprocedures are frequently established to preclude intermingling ofclean and soiled supplies and personnel groups, depending on work function.Only animals of defined health status are received into the barrier,and once they leave they are prohibited from reentering without retesting.Personnel entry is restricted and those with access are appropriately trainedin procedures that minimize the introduction of contaminants.Engineering features may include high-level filtration of supply air (e.g.,HEPA or 95% efficient filters), pressurization of the barrier with respect tosurrounding areas, and directional airflow from clean to potentially contaminatedareas. Specialized equipment augmenting the barrier may includeisolator cages, individually ventilated cages, and animal changing stations.Detailed information on barrier design, construction, and operationshas been recently published (Hessler 2008; Lipman 2006, 2008).ImagingIn vivo imaging offers noninvasive methods for evaluating structureand function at the level of the whole animal, tissue, or cell, and allowsfor the sequential study of temporal events (Chatham and Blackband 2001;Cherry and Gambhir 2001). Imaging devices vary in the technology usedto generate an image, body targets imaged, resolution, hazard exposure,and requirements for use. The devices may be self-shielded and require nomodifications of the surrounding structure to operate safely, or they mayrequire concrete, solid core masonry, lead-, steel-, or copper-lined walls,or other construction features to operate safely or minimize interferencewith devices and activities in adjacent areas. Because imaging devices areoften expensive to acquire and maintain, and may require specialized supportspace and highly trained personnel to operate, shared animal imagingresources may be preferable.Consideration should be given to the location of the imaging resource.Whether located in the animal facility or in a separate location, cross
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GUIDEFOR THE CARE AND USE OFLABORAT
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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MembersINSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANI
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INSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANIMAL RES
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ReviewersThis eighth edition of the
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PrefaceThe purpose of the Guide for
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PREFACExwho soon recognized that th
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xiiiOVERVIEWing the growing role of
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Contents1 KEy CONCEPTS 1Applicabili
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CONTENTSxxiiiAquatic Management, 84
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CONTENTSxxSpecies-Specific Referenc
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2 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAb
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2Animal Care and Use ProgramThe pro
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 13of li
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 15ers a
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1used (C
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1severit
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 21Insti
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 23et al
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 25compe
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM2Special
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM2help to
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 31least
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 33disea
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 35DISAS
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM3DHHS [D
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM3Olfert
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3Environment, Housing,and Managemen
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ENVIRONMENT, hOUSING, ANd MANAGEMEN
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Page 132 and 133: 4Veterinary CareVeterinary care is
Page 134 and 135: VETERINARy CARE10from these sources
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Page 140 and 141: VETERINARy CARE 113and serology. If
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Page 144 and 145: VETERINARy CARE11traffic (AORN 2006
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Page 148 and 149: VETERINARy CARE 121(all), anorexia
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Page 154 and 155: VETERINARy CARE12Haines DC, Gorelic
Page 156 and 157: VETERINARy CARE12Morton CM, Reid J,
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appendixBU.S. Government Principles
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appendixCStatement of TaskThe use o
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appendixDAbout the AuthorsJanet C.
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS 205of
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS20Amer
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IndexAAcclimation and adaptation, 1
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INdEX 211Behavioral and social mana
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INdEX 213Disinfection, 20, 51, 52,
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INdEX 215Hydrogen peroxide, 72Hygie
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INdEXrecommended reading, 169-170re
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INdEX21pain and distress, 121-122re
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