Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals - Office of ...

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PhySICAL PLANT14contamination between groups of animals, different animal species, orbetween animals and humans (if the device is used for both animal andhuman subjects) is possible because these devices may be difficult to sanitize(Klaunberg and Davis 2008; Lipman 2006). If the imaging resource islocated outside the animal facility, appropriate transportation methods androutes should be developed to avoid inappropriate exposure of humans toanimals in transit. If possible, animals should not be moved past offices,lunch rooms, or public areas where people are likely to be present.As imaging may require the subject to be immobile, often for extendedtime periods during image acquisition, provisions should be made for deliveryof anesthetics and carrier gas, the scavenging of waste anesthetic gas,and adequate animal monitoring (Balaban and Hampshire 2001). Remotestorage of gas tanks is generally required in facilities where magnetic resonance(MR) scanners are used as the magnetic field requires ferrous materialsto be kept a safe distance away from the magnet. Site selection of MRscanners requires special attention because of their weight, the fringe fieldgenerated (especially from unshielded magnets), and the impact of ferrouselements of the building structure or its components, especially those thatare not static (e.g., elevators), as they may affect field homogeneity. MostMR scanners are superconducting and require the use of cryogens. Becausecryogen boil-off can lead to asphyxiation of both personnel and animals,rooms with MR scanners or in which cryogen gases are stored must beequipped with oxygen sensors and a method for increasing room ventilationto exhaust inert gases during cryogen filling (Klaunberg and Davis 2008).Many imaging devices, especially those designed for small animals, areself-contained and require no special physical plant considerations. Provisionsshould be made to locate the operating console away from imagingdevices that emit ionizing or magnetic radiation. Imaging devices with componentsthat are difficult to sanitize should be covered with a disposable orsanitizable material when not in use.Whole body IrradiationTotal body irradiation of small laboratory animals may be accomplishedusing devices that emit either gamma- or X-rays. Devices are usuallyself-shielded and, because of the weight of the shielding material, mayrequire special site considerations. Devices with gamma-emitting sourcesare subject to regulations that require adherence to specific security, monitoring,and personnel clearance requirements (Nuclear Regulatory Commission2008). The site selected for irradiators should also take into accountwhether they are to be used for animals and biologics, as well as the sourceand microbial status of the animals to be irradiated. Locating them in theanimal facility may require access for personnel who would normally not
148 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAbORATORy ANIMALSrequire it or may necessitate bringing animals into a facility where they arenot normally housed.Hazardous Agent ContainmentThe goal of containment is to “reduce or eliminate exposure of laboratoryworkers, other persons, and the outside environment to potential hazardousagents” (DHHS 2010). This is accomplished by employing appropriate practicesand equipment, vaccinating personnel if a vaccine is available, andensuring the proper design and operation of the physical plant.Animal facilities used to study biologic agents that are infectious tohumans are categorized into different biosafety levels of escalating containmentrequirements as described in biosafety in Microbiological andbiomedical Laboratories (BMBL; DHHS 2009 or most recent version). Eachanimal biosafety level (ABSL) reflects a combination of practices, safetyequipment, and facilities based on risk of human infection. As described inthe 2009 edition of the BMBL, ABSL-1 contains agents not known to causehuman infection; ABSL-2 contains agents of moderate risk that cause humandisease by ingestion or percutaneous or mucosal exposure; ABSL-3 containsagents that cause serious and potentially lethal infections and have knownpotential for aerosol transmission; and ABSL-4 contains nonindigenous(exotic) agents that pose high individual risk of life-threatening disease andfor which there is no available vaccine or treatment. Facility design, engineeringcriteria, construction methods and materials, commissioning, andvalidation become more important with each increasing level. The BMBLshould be consulted for specific design and engineering requirements.Considerable care should be taken when selecting the team of professionalsresponsible for the design, engineering, construction, and commissioningof a containment facility.Guidelines have also been developed for containing agricultural pathogens(USDA ARS 2002), recombinant DNA molecules (NIH 2002), arthropodvectors (ACME, ASTMH 2003), and hazardous chemicals (NRC 1995).Biologic agents and toxins pose a threat to animal and plant health orpublic health and safety, and facilities in which they are used must adhereto APHIS, USDA, and CDC Select Agent Regulations (CFR 2005; CDC andDHHS 1996; PL 107-56; PL 107-188;) and/or other applicable federal, state,or local regulations. These regulations stipulate, among other requirements,that the institution registered to use select agents establish and adhere tostringent security measures.The specific facility features, equipment, and safety practices to beemployed will depend, to a considerable extent, on whether a specifichazard is a particulate, volatile, or both. Facility features applicable to allhazards include isolation of the animals and their waste, provision of sealed
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GUIDEFOR THE CARE AND USE OFLABORAT
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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MembersINSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANI
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INSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANIMAL RES
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ReviewersThis eighth edition of the
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PrefaceThe purpose of the Guide for
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PREFACExwho soon recognized that th
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xiiiOVERVIEWing the growing role of
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Contents1 KEy CONCEPTS 1Applicabili
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CONTENTSxxiiiAquatic Management, 84
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CONTENTSxxSpecies-Specific Referenc
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2 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAb
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2Animal Care and Use ProgramThe pro
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 13of li
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 15ers a
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1used (C
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1severit
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 21Insti
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 23et al
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 25compe
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM2Special
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM2help to
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 31least
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 33disea
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 35DISAS
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM3DHHS [D
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM3Olfert
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3Environment, Housing,and Managemen
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ENVIRONMENT, hOUSING, ANd MANAGEMEN
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0GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAbO
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Page 132 and 133: 4Veterinary CareVeterinary care is
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Page 140 and 141: VETERINARy CARE 113and serology. If
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Page 144 and 145: VETERINARy CARE11traffic (AORN 2006
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Page 148 and 149: VETERINARy CARE 121(all), anorexia
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Page 152 and 153: VETERINARy CARE 125Arndt SS, Lohave
Page 154 and 155: VETERINARy CARE12Haines DC, Gorelic
Page 156 and 157: VETERINARy CARE12Morton CM, Reid J,
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appendixBU.S. Government Principles
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appendixCStatement of TaskThe use o
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appendixDAbout the AuthorsJanet C.
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS 205of
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS20Amer
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IndexAAcclimation and adaptation, 1
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INdEX 211Behavioral and social mana
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INdEX 213Disinfection, 20, 51, 52,
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INdEX 215Hydrogen peroxide, 72Hygie
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INdEXrecommended reading, 169-170re
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INdEX21pain and distress, 121-122re
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