Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals - Office of ...

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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM2help to determine whether proactive measures can circumvent or alleviatethe impact of the genetic modification on the animal’s well-being and toestablish humane endpoints specific to the GMA line.Physical Restraint Physical restraint is the use of manual or mechanicalmeans to limit some or all of an animal’s normal movement for the purposeof examination, collection of samples, drug administration, therapy, orexperimental manipulation. Animals are restrained for brief periods, usuallyminutes, in many research applications.Restraint devices should be suitable in size, design, and operationto minimize discomfort, pain, distress, and the potential for injury to theanimal and the research staff. Dogs, nonhuman primates, and many otheranimals can be trained, through use of positive reinforcement techniques,to cooperate with research procedures or remain immobile for brief periods(Boissy et al. 2007; Laule et al. 2003; Meunier 2006; Prescott andBuchanan-Smith 2003; Reinhardt 1991, 1995; Sauceda and Schmidt 2000;Yeates and Main 2009).Prolonged restraint, including chairing of nonhuman primates, shouldbe avoided unless it is essential for achieving research objectives and isspecifically approved by the IACUC (NRC 2003b). Systems that do notlimit an animal’s ability to make normal postural adjustments (e.g., subcutaneousimplantation of osmotic minipumps in rodents, backpack-fittedinfusion pumps in dogs and nonhuman primates, and free-stall housing forfarm animals) should be used when compatible with protocol objectives.Animals that do not adapt to necessary restraint systems should be removedfrom the study. When restraint devices are used, they should be specificallydesigned to accomplish research goals that are impossible or impractical toaccomplish by other means or to prevent injury to animals or personnel.The following are important guidelines for restraint:• Restraint devices should not be considered a normal method ofhousing, and must be justified in the animal use protocol.• Restraint devices should not be used simply as a convenience inhandling or managing animals.• Alternatives to physical restraint should be considered.• The period of restraint should be the minimum required to accomplishthe research objectives.• Animals to be placed in restraint devices should be given training(with positive reinforcement) to adapt to the equipment andpersonnel.• Animals that fail to adapt should be removed from the study.• Provision should be made for observation of the animal at appropriateintervals, as determined by the IACUC.
30 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAbORATORy ANIMALS• Veterinary care must be provided if lesions or illnesses associatedwith restraint are observed. The presence of lesions, illness, orsevere behavioral change often necessitates the temporary or permanentremoval of the animal from restraint.• The purpose of the restraint and its duration should be clearlyexplained to personnel involved with the study.Multiple Surial Surgical Procedures Surgical procedures in the laboratorysetting may be categorized as major or minor (USDA 1985). Whether aprocedure is major or minor should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis,as determined by the veterinarian and IACUC (NRC 2003b; Silverman et al.2007; for additional discussion see Chapter 4, Surgical Procedures).Regardless of classification, multiple surgical procedures on a singleanimal should be evaluated to determine their impact on the animal’s wellbeing.Multiple major surgical procedures on a single animal are acceptableonly if they are (1) included in and essential components of a singleresearch project or protocol, (2) scientifically justified by the investigator, or(3) necessary for clinical reasons. Conservation of scarce animal resourcesmay justify the conduct of multiple major surgeries on a single animal,but the application of such a practice on a single animal used in separateprotocols is discouraged and should be reviewed critically by the IACUC.When applicable, the IO must submit a request to the USDA/APHIS andreceive approval in order to allow a regulated animal to undergo multiplemajor survival surgical procedures in separate unrelated research protocols(USDA 1985, 1997a). Justifications for allowing animals not regulated bythe USDA to undergo multiple survival procedures that meet the abovecriteria should conform to those required for regulated species. If multiplesurvival surgery is approved, the IACUC should pay particular attention toanimal well-being through continuing evaluation of outcomes. Cost savingsalone is not an adequate reason for performing multiple major survivalsurgical procedures.Some procedures characterized as minor may induce substantial postproceduralpain or impairment and should similarly be scientifically justifiedif performed more than once in a single animal.Food and Fluid Regulation Regulation of food or fluid intake may berequired for the conduct of some physiological, neuroscience, and behavioralresearch protocols. The regulation process may entail scheduledaccess to food or fluid sources, so an animal consumes as much as desiredat regular intervals, or restriction, in which the total volume of food or fluidconsumed is strictly monitored and controlled (NRC 2003b). The objectivewhen these studies are being planned and executed should be to use the
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GUIDEFOR THE CARE AND USE OFLABORAT
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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4Veterinary CareVeterinary care is
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VETERINARy CARE10from these sources
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VETERINARy CARE10In all cases, appr
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VETERINARy CARE 111Depending on the
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VETERINARy CARE 113and serology. If
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VETERINARy CARE 115RecordkeepingMed
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VETERINARy CARE11traffic (AORN 2006
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VETERINARy CARE11Specific steriliza
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VETERINARy CARE 121(all), anorexia
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VETERINARy CARE 123used in combinat
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VETERINARy CARE 125Arndt SS, Lohave
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VETERINARy CARE12Haines DC, Gorelic
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VETERINARy CARE12Morton CM, Reid J,
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VETERINARy CARE 131Stoskopf MK. 199
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156 AddENdUM4. Page 32. Original se
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Appendices
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appendixBU.S. Government Principles
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appendixCStatement of TaskThe use o
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appendixDAbout the AuthorsJanet C.
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS 205of
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS20Amer
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IndexAAcclimation and adaptation, 1
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INdEX 211Behavioral and social mana
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INdEX 213Disinfection, 20, 51, 52,
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INdEX 215Hydrogen peroxide, 72Hygie
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INdEXrecommended reading, 169-170re
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INdEX21pain and distress, 121-122re
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