Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals - Office of ...

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PhySICAL PLANT 141Power and LightingThe electrical system should be safe and provide appropriate lighting,a sufficient number of power outlets, and suitable amperage for specializedequipment. In the event of power failure, an alternative or emergency powersupply should be available to maintain critical services (e.g., the HVACsystem, ventilated caging systems [Huerkamp et al. 2003], or life supportsystems for aquatic species) or support functions (e.g., freezers and isolators)in animal rooms, operating suites, and other essential areas. Considerationshould be given to outfitting movable equipment for which uninterruptedpower is essential (e.g., ventilated racks), with twist-lock plugs to preventaccidental removal from the power supply.Light fixtures, timers, switches, and outlets should be properly sealedto prevent vermin access. Recessed energy-efficient fluorescent lightsare commonly used in animal facilities. Spectral quality of lights may beimportant for some species when maintained in the laboratory; in thesecases full spectrum lamps may be appropriate. A time-controlled lightingsystem should be used to ensure a uniform diurnal lighting cycle. Overridesystems should be equipped with an automatic timeout or a warning lightto indicate the system is in override mode, and system performance andoverride functions should be regularly evaluated to ensure proper cycling.Dual-level lighting may be considered when housing species that are sensitiveto high light intensity, such as albino rodents; low-intensity lightingis provided during the light phase of the diurnal cycle, and higher-intensitylighting is provided as needed (e.g., when personnel require enhancedvisibility). Light bulbs or fixtures should be equipped with protective coversto ensure the safety of the animals and personnel. Moisture-resistantswitches and outlets and ground-fault interrupters should be used in areaswith high water use, such as cage-washing areas and aquarium-maintenanceareas.Storage AreasAdequate space should be available for storage of equipment, supplies,food, bedding, and refuse. Corridors are not appropriate storage areas.Storage space can be decreased when delivery of materials and supplies isreliable and frequent; however, it should be ample enough to accommodatestorage of essential commodities to ensure the animals’ uninterruptedhusbandry and care (e.g., if delivery is delayed). Bedding and food shouldbe stored in a separate area free from vermin and protected from the riskof contamination from toxic or hazardous substances. Areas used for foodstorage should not be subject to elevated temperatures or relative humidityfor prolonged periods. Refuse storage areas should be separated from other
142 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAbORATORy ANIMALSstorage areas. Refrigerated storage, separated from other cold storage, isessential for storage of dead animals and animal tissue waste; this storagearea should be kept below 7°C (44.6°F) to reduce putrefaction of wastesand animal carcasses and should be constructed in a manner that facilitatescleaning.Noise ControlNoise control is an important consideration in an animal facility andshould be addressed during the planning stages of new facility designor renovation (see Chapter 3). Noise-producing support functions, suchas cage washing, are commonly separated from housing and experimentalfunctions. Masonry walls, due to their density, generally have excellentsound-attenuating properties, but similar sound attenuation can beachieved using many different materials and partition designs. For example,sanitizable sound-attenuating materials bonded to walls or ceilings may beappropriate for noise control in some situations, whereas acoustic materialsapplied directly to the ceiling or as part of a suspended ceiling in ananimal room present problems for sanitation and vermin control and arenot recommended. Experience has shown that well-constructed corridordoors, sound-attenuating doors, or double-door entry vestibules can help tocontrol the transmission of sound along corridors. An excellent resource onpartition design for sound control is available in Noise Control in buildings:A Practical Guide for Architects and Engineers (Warnock and Quirt 1994).Attention should be paid to attenuating noise generated by equipment(ASHRAE 2007b). Fire and environmental-monitoring alarm systems andpublic address systems should be selected and positioned to minimizepotential animal disturbance. The location of equipment capable of generatingsound at ultrasonic frequencies is important as some species can hearsuch high frequencies. Selecting equipment for rodent facilities that doesnot generate noise in the ultrasonic range should be considered.Vibration ControlVibration may arise from mechanical equipment, electrical switches,and other building components, or from remote sources (via groundbornetransmission). Regarding the latter, special consideration should be given tothe building structure type especially if the animal facility will be locatedover, under, or adjacent to subways, trains, or automobile and truck traffic.Like noise, different species can detect and be affected by vibrations of differentfrequencies and wavelengths, so attempts should be made to identifyall vibration sources and isolate or dampen them with vibration suppressionsystems (ASHRAE 2007b).
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GUIDEFOR THE CARE AND USE OFLABORAT
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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MembersINSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANI
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INSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANIMAL RES
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ReviewersThis eighth edition of the
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PrefaceThe purpose of the Guide for
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PREFACExwho soon recognized that th
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xiiiOVERVIEWing the growing role of
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Contents1 KEy CONCEPTS 1Applicabili
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CONTENTSxxiiiAquatic Management, 84
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CONTENTSxxSpecies-Specific Referenc
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2 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAb
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2Animal Care and Use ProgramThe pro
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 13of li
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 15ers a
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1used (C
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1severit
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 21Insti
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 23et al
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 25compe
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM2Special
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM2help to
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 31least
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 33disea
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 35DISAS
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM3DHHS [D
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM3Olfert
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3Environment, Housing,and Managemen
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ENVIRONMENT, hOUSING, ANd MANAGEMEN
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Page 132 and 133: 4Veterinary CareVeterinary care is
Page 134 and 135: VETERINARy CARE10from these sources
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Page 140 and 141: VETERINARy CARE 113and serology. If
Page 142 and 143: VETERINARy CARE 115RecordkeepingMed
Page 144 and 145: VETERINARy CARE11traffic (AORN 2006
Page 146 and 147: VETERINARy CARE11Specific steriliza
Page 148 and 149: VETERINARy CARE 121(all), anorexia
Page 150 and 151: VETERINARy CARE 123used in combinat
Page 152 and 153: VETERINARy CARE 125Arndt SS, Lohave
Page 154 and 155: VETERINARy CARE12Haines DC, Gorelic
Page 156 and 157: VETERINARy CARE12Morton CM, Reid J,
Page 158: VETERINARy CARE 131Stoskopf MK. 199
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appendixBU.S. Government Principles
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appendixCStatement of TaskThe use o
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appendixDAbout the AuthorsJanet C.
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS 205of
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS20Amer
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IndexAAcclimation and adaptation, 1
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INdEX 211Behavioral and social mana
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INdEX 213Disinfection, 20, 51, 52,
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INdEX 215Hydrogen peroxide, 72Hygie
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INdEXrecommended reading, 169-170re
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INdEX21pain and distress, 121-122re
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