Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals - Office of ...

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VETERINARy CARE10from these sources and the potential for introducing health risks to personneland other facility animals. Breeding colonies should be established basedon need and managed according to principles of animal reduction such ascryopreservation for rodent stocks or strains (Robinson et al. 2003).Transportation of AnimalsTransportation of animals is governed by a number of US regulatoryagencies and international bodies. The Animal Welfare Regulations (USDA1985) set standards for interstate and export/import transportation of regulatedspecies; the International Air Transport Association (IATA) updates theLive Animals Regulations annually and IATA member airlines and manycountries agree to comply with these regulations to ensure the safe andhumane transport of animals by air (IATA 2009). The Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention and USDA enforce regulations to prevent the introduction,transmission, or spread of communicable diseases and regulate theimportation of any animal or animal product capable of carrying a zoonoticdisease. The US Fish and Wildlife Service regulates importation/exportationof wild vertebrate and invertebrate animals and their tissues. As the nationalauthority arm of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Speciesof Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the US Fish and Wildlife Service alsoregulates movement of CITES-listed species that are captive bred, includingnonhuman primates (DOI 2007). Institutions should contact appropriateauthorities to ensure compliance with any relevant statutes and otheranimal transportation requirements that must be met for animals to crossinternational boundaries, including those not of the country of final destination.The NRC publication Guidelines for the humane Transportationof Research Animals provides a comprehensive review of this topic (NRC2006); additional references on transportation of animals are available inAppendix A.Animal transportation may be intrainstitutional, interinstitutional, orbetween a commercial or noncommercial source and a research facility.For wildlife, transportation may occur between the capture site and fieldholding facilities. Careful planning for all types of transportation shouldoccur to ensure animal safety and well-being. The process of transportationshould provide an appropriate level of animal biosecurity (see definition onpage 109) while minimizing zoonotic risks, protecting against environmentalextremes, avoiding overcrowding, providing for the animals’ physical,physiologic, or behavioral needs and comfort, and protecting the animalsand personnel from physical trauma (Maher and Schub 2004).Movement of animals within or between sites or institutions should beplanned and coordinated by responsible and well-trained persons at thesending and receiving sites to minimize animal transit time or delays in
108 GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAbORATORy ANIMALSreceipt. Shipping should be coordinated to ensure that animals arrive duringnormal business hours or, if delivery occurs outside of this time, thatsomeone is available to receive them. Defining and delegating responsibilityto the appropriate persons, who are knowledgeable about the needs ofthe species being shipped, will help ensure effective communication andplanning of animal transport (AVMA 2002).All animals in transit within and between institutions or jurisdictionsshould be accompanied by appropriate documentation to minimize delaysin shipping and receipt. Documentation may include health certificates,sending and receiving institutions’ addresses and contacts, emergencyprocedures and veterinary contact information, and agency permits asneeded.For noncommercial sources of animals, in particular, it is important forthe veterinarian or the veterinarian’s designee to review the health statusand other housing and husbandry requirements before authorizing shipmentof animals. This action will ensure that effective quarantine practices areimplemented for incoming animals and address any special requirementsneeded to ensure animal well-being (Otto and Tolwani 2002). Special considerationsmay be necessary for transporting animals during certain phasesof their life or in certain conditions, such as pregnant, perinatal, and geriatricanimals; animals with preexisting medical conditions (e.g., diabetesmellitus); and animals surgically prepared by the supplier (FASS 2010).Although ensuring animal biosecurity during transportation is alwaysimportant, it is of particular importance for immunocompromised, geneticallymodified, and specific pathogen-free rodents (Jacoby and Lindsey1998). For these animals, reinforced disposable shipping containers withfilter-protected ventilation openings and internal food and water sourceshelp ensure that microbial contamination does not occur during transit.Commercial vendors are experienced in animal transport and typically usededicated transport systems and protocols to minimize microbiologic contamination.Noncommercial or interinstitutional transfer of rodents poses ahigher risk of microbial contamination since the individuals involved maylack the required knowledge and animal biosecurity capabilities to maintainthe animals’ health status. Risks due to in-transit microbial contaminationof shipping container surfaces can be reduced by decontaminating the surfacesbefore placement of the containers in clean sites of animal facilities(NRC 1996, 2006). Transportation of animals in private vehicles is discouragedbecause of potential animal biosecurity, safety, health, and liabilityrisks for the animals, personnel, and institution.For aquatic species and amphibians, special considerations are requiredfor transportation in an aqueous or sufficiently moist environment, andspecial attention should be given to avoiding temperature extremes forpoikilotherms.
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GUIDEFOR THE CARE AND USE OFLABORAT
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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MembersINSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANI
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INSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANIMAL RES
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ReviewersThis eighth edition of the
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PrefaceThe purpose of the Guide for
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PREFACExwho soon recognized that th
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xiiiOVERVIEWing the growing role of
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Contents1 KEy CONCEPTS 1Applicabili
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CONTENTSxxiiiAquatic Management, 84
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CONTENTSxxSpecies-Specific Referenc
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2Animal Care and Use ProgramThe pro
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 13of li
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 15ers a
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1used (C
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1severit
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 21Insti
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 23et al
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 25compe
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM2Special
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM2help to
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 31least
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 33disea
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 35DISAS
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM3DHHS [D
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM3Olfert
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3Environment, Housing,and Managemen
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ENVIRONMENT, hOUSING, ANd MANAGEMEN
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Page 132 and 133: 4Veterinary CareVeterinary care is
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Page 140 and 141: VETERINARy CARE 113and serology. If
Page 142 and 143: VETERINARy CARE 115RecordkeepingMed
Page 144 and 145: VETERINARy CARE11traffic (AORN 2006
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Page 148 and 149: VETERINARy CARE 121(all), anorexia
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Page 152 and 153: VETERINARy CARE 125Arndt SS, Lohave
Page 154 and 155: VETERINARy CARE12Haines DC, Gorelic
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Appendices
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appendixBU.S. Government Principles
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appendixCStatement of TaskThe use o
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appendixDAbout the AuthorsJanet C.
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS 205of
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS20Amer
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IndexAAcclimation and adaptation, 1
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INdEX 211Behavioral and social mana
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INdEX 213Disinfection, 20, 51, 52,
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INdEX 215Hydrogen peroxide, 72Hygie
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INdEXrecommended reading, 169-170re
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INdEX21pain and distress, 121-122re
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