Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals - Office of ...

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ENVIRONMENT, hOUSING, ANd MANAGEMENT5that takes into account both personnel and animals should be prepared aspart of the overall safety plan for the animal facility. The colony manager orveterinarian responsible for the animals should be a member of the appropriatesafety committee at the institution, an “official responder” in the institution,and a participant in the response to a disaster (Vogelweid 1998).Population ManagementIdentification Animal records are useful and variable, ranging from limitedinformation on identification cards to detailed computerized recordsfor individual animals (Field et al. 2007). Means of animal identificationinclude room, rack, pen, stall, and cage cards with written, bar-coded,or radio frequency identification (RFID) information. Identification cardsshould include the source of the animal, the strain or stock, names andcontact information for the responsible investigator(s), pertinent dates (e.g.,arrival date, birth date, etc.), and protocol number when applicable. Genotypeinformation, when applicable, should also be included, and consistent,unambiguous abbreviations should be used when the full genotype nomenclature(see below) is too lengthy.In addition, the animals may wear collars, bands, plates, or tabs or bemarked by colored stains, ear notches/punches and tags, tattoos, subcutaneoustransponders, and freeze brands. As a method of identification of smallrodents, toe-clipping should be used only when no other individual identificationmethod is feasible. It may be the preferred method for neonatal miceup to 7 days of age as it appears to have few adverse effects on behaviorand well-being at this age (Castelhano-Carlos et al. 2010; Schaefer et al.2010), especially if toe clipping and genotyping can be combined. Underall circumstances aseptic practices should be followed. Use of anesthesia oranalgesia should be commensurate with the age of the animals (Hankensonet al. 2008).Recordkeeping Records containing basic descriptive information are essentialfor management of colonies of large long-lived animals and should be maintainedfor each animal (Dyke 1993; Field et al. 2007; NRC 1979a). Theserecords often include species, animal identifier, sire and/or dam identifier, sex,birth or acquisition date, source, exit date, and final disposition. Such animalrecords are essential for genetic management and historical assessments ofcolonies. Records of rearing and housing histories, mating histories, andbehavioral profiles are useful for the management of many species, especiallynonhuman primates (NRC 1979a). Relevant recorded information should beprovided when animals are transferred between institutions.Medical records for individual animals can also be valuable, especially fordogs, cats, nonhuman primates, and agricultural animals (Suckow and Doerning2007). They should include pertinent clinical and diagnostic information,
6GUIdE FOR ThE CARE ANd USE OF LAbORATORy ANIMALSdate of inoculations, history of surgical procedures and postoperative care,information on experimental use, and necropsy findings where applicable.Basic demographic information and clinical histories enhance the valueof individual animals for both breeding and research and should be readilyaccessible to investigators, veterinary staff, and animal care staff.breeding, Genetics, and Nomenclature Genetic characteristics are importantwith regard to the selection and management of animals for use inbreeding colonies and in biomedical research (see Appendix A). Pedigreeinformation allows appropriate selection of breeding pairs and of experimentalanimals that are unrelated or of known relatedness.Outbred animals are widely used in biomedical research. Foundingpopulations should be large enough to ensure the long-term genetic heterogeneityof breeding colonies. To facilitate direct comparison of researchdata derived from outbred animals, genetic management techniques shouldbe used to maintain genetic variability and equalize founder representations(Hartl 2000; Lacy 1989; Poiley 1960; Williams-Blangero 1991). Geneticvariability can be monitored with computer simulations, biochemical markers,DNA markers and sequencing, immunologic markers, or quantitativegenetic analyses of physiologic variables (MacCluer et al. 1986; Williams-Blangero 1993).Inbred strains of various species, especially rodents, have been developedto address specific research needs (Festing 1979; Gill 1980). Wheninbred animals or their F1 progeny are used, it is important to periodicallymonitor genetic authenticity (Festing 1982; Hedrich 1990); several methodsof monitoring have been developed that use immunologic, biochemical,and molecular techniques (Cramer 1983; Festing 2002; Groen 1977; Hoffmanet al. 1980; Russell et al. 1993). Appropriate management systems(Green 1981; Kempthorne 1957) should be designed to minimize geneticcontamination resulting from mutation and mismating.Genetically modified animals (GMAs) represent an increasingly largeproportion of animals used in research and require special considerationin their population management. Integrated or altered genes can interactwith species or strain-specific genes, other genetic manipulations, andenvironmental factors, in part as a function of site of integration, so eachGMA line can be considered a unique resource. Care should be taken topreserve such resources through standard genetic management procedures,including maintenance of detailed pedigree records and genetic monitoringto verify the presence and zygosity of transgenes and other geneticmodifications (Conner 2005). Cryopreservation of fertilized embryos, ova,ovaries, or spermatozoa should also be considered as a safeguard againstalterations in transgenes over time or accidental loss of GMA lines (Conner2002; Liu et al. 2009).
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GUIDEFOR THE CARE AND USE OFLABORAT
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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MembersINSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANI
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INSTITUTE FOR LAbORATORy ANIMAL RES
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ReviewersThis eighth edition of the
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PrefaceThe purpose of the Guide for
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PREFACExwho soon recognized that th
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xiiiOVERVIEWing the growing role of
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Contents1 KEy CONCEPTS 1Applicabili
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CONTENTSxxiiiAquatic Management, 84
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CONTENTSxxSpecies-Specific Referenc
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2Animal Care and Use ProgramThe pro
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 13of li
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 15ers a
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1used (C
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM1severit
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 21Insti
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ANIMAL CARE ANd USE PROGRAM 23et al
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Page 132 and 133: 4Veterinary CareVeterinary care is
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Page 140 and 141: VETERINARy CARE 113and serology. If
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Page 148 and 149: VETERINARy CARE 121(all), anorexia
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VETERINARy CARE 125Arndt SS, Lohave
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VETERINARy CARE12Haines DC, Gorelic
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VETERINARy CARE12Morton CM, Reid J,
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VETERINARy CARE 131Stoskopf MK. 199
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156 AddENdUM4. Page 32. Original se
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Appendices
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appendixBU.S. Government Principles
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appendixCStatement of TaskThe use o
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appendixDAbout the AuthorsJanet C.
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS 205of
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APPENdIX d: AbOUT ThE AUThORS20Amer
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IndexAAcclimation and adaptation, 1
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INdEX 211Behavioral and social mana
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INdEX 213Disinfection, 20, 51, 52,
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INdEX 215Hydrogen peroxide, 72Hygie
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INdEXrecommended reading, 169-170re
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INdEX21pain and distress, 121-122re
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