HVAC Control in the New Millennium.pdf - HVAC.Amickracing

HVAC Control in the New Millenniumtempt to remedy their situations with piecemeal lighting solutions. Retrofittingprovides an average energy savings of 50 cents for each squarefoot of building space. The average payback is 2-1/2 years. Partneringwith energy service companies can also help with energy audits andfunding lighting upgrades.Demand Side LimitingMost utility programs for energy conservation in recent years involvedemand-side management (DSM). These programs impact howcustomers use electricity. The concept has two parts. The first tactic is toeven out the demand for electricity so that existing power stations areoperating at efficient capacities throughout any 24-hour day rather thanrocketing up during business hours and dropping down during thenight. The other part of DSM is to deter the need for new electricitycapacities.DSM refers to energy and load-shape modifying activities that areimplemented in response to utility-administered programs. It does notrefer to energy and load-shape changes arising from normal actions ofthe marketplace or from government-mandated energy-efficiency standards.During the late 1980s, utilities began offering commercial rebateprograms for DSM. Some utilities pay 30 to 50% of the installed cost,while others base their rebate programs on the peak-kilowatt-demandsavings achieved by new equipment. DSM programs consist of planningand monitoring activities which are designed to encourage consumers tomodify their level and pattern of electricity usage.In the past, the primary object of most DSM programs was to promotecost-effective energy usage to help defer the need for new sourcesof power, including generating facilities, power purchases, and transmissionand distribution capacity additions. Due to the changes that areoccurring within the industry, electric utilities are also using DSM as away to enhance customer service.DSM involves peak clipping, strategic conservation, valley filling,load shifting, strategic load growth and flexible load shaping. It mayinclude interruptible services or curtailment of services for specifiedtime periods for commercial customers. Peak clipping refers to reducingthe customer demand during peak electricity use periods. This is done©2001 by The Fairmont Press, Inc. All rights reserved.