HVAC Control in the New Millennium.pdf - HVAC.Amickracing

Energy and Power Management, Distributed Control Trendsdeferred more than 21,000 megawatts (MWs) by 1992.In 1997, about 1,000 electric utilities had DSM programs. A littlemore than half of these are classified as large and the rest are classifiedas small utilities. Large utilities are those that produce more than 120,000megawatt-hours. This group of larger utilities account for about 90% ofthe total retail sales of electricity in the United States.Energy savings for these large electric utilities decreased to 56,406million kilowatt-hours (kWh) in 1997. This was 5,346 million kWh lessthan in 1996. These energy savings represent 1.8% of annual electricsales of 3,140 billion kWh to ultimate consumers in 1997.Actual peak load reductions for large utilities was 15% lower in1997 at 25,284 megawatts, than in 1996. DSM costs decreased from $1.9billion in 1996 to $1.6 billion in 1997. This was the fourth consecutiveyear that DSM costs have decreased from a high of $2.7 billion in 1993.Rebate and incentive programs are being modified to reduce utilitycosts, increase participant contributions and increase program cost effectiveness.Rebates are being used more sparingly and tend to focus onone-time energy efficiency opportunities. These programs are skewed tocustomer classes that are underserved by other energy efficiency programsand energy efficiency measures that are difficult to promotethrough financing, education and standards programs.Building and Equipment StandardsUtilities are supporting adoption and implementation of stricterbuilding codes and equipment efficiency standards. Appliance andequipment efficiency standards are having a notable impact on electricitydemand in the United States. Standards have lowered national electricityuse by 3%. Some energy efficiency measures, such as powermanagedpersonal computers, have been widely adopted without financialincentives or much utility involvement.Intelligent BuildingsThe increasing acceptance of energy management systems forbuilding management applications has been pushed by federal mandates.Energy saving systems integrate the operation and management©2001 by The Fairmont Press, Inc. All rights reserved.