HVAC Control in the New Millennium.pdf - HVAC.Amickracing

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Energy and Power Management, Distributed Control Trendsthe system can affect the whole. These systems cannot be optimized oneelement at a time, without taking into consideration unpredictable results.Open AutomationOpen automation systems are evolving because of advances intechnology and new ways of doing business. The benefits that aregained include agility, quality, reduced downtime, and lower costs.Open systems are nonproprietary and based on standards so componentsfrom multiple vendors can interoperate in a predictable mannerand be integrated easily with other systems.A PC can be used to program control systems, run control, andprovide operator interface and data analysis. Open automation systemsconsist of open operating platforms, interoperating components andopen networks. They form the backbone of improved control in thefuture.A Sense of the FutureDuring the last half of the 20th Century, industrial controls movedfrom pneumatic controls, first to vacuum tubes and then transistors andintegrated circuits (ICs). Direct digital controls (DDCs) gave way to distributedcontrol systems (DCSs) which are now implemented with networkedPC-based control systems (see Table 2-3).From the roots of contactors and motor controls came programmablelogic controllers (PLCs) which offered better alternatives for control.Now, PLCs are almost considered commodity items. With thegrowth of Internet connectivity, visions of vast arrays of interconnectedsystems are possible.New and unconventional discoveries and developments will resultin changes significant as the microprocessor and the Internet. In thebiotech arena, the discovery of DNA occurred and soon there will bedetailed genetic and physical maps of the human genome. This shoulddecide the complete nucleotide sequence of human DNA and localizethe estimated 50,000-100,000 genes in the human body. This research isexpected to be complete early in the millennium and should have farreaching effects.©2001 by The Fairmont Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
HVAC Control in the New MillenniumTable 2-3. Major Events in Industrial Control————————————————————————————————Early 1940sPneumatic TransmissionsMid-1940sFirst PID ControllersLate 1940sTransistor Invented1950 Electronic Analog ControlLate 1950sFirst Control Room HMIEarly 1960sSoftwareComputer Digital Control (DDC)Late 1960sIntegrated CircuitsFirst RAM ChipEarly 1970sFax Machine ProliferationMicroprocessor IntroducedPLC Ladder LogicMid-1970sFirst PC IntroducedDistributed Control System (DCS)Late 1970sObject Oriented ProgrammingLate 1980sCell PhonesPC-based HMI SoftwareEarly 1990sInternet Use ExplodesField-based ArchitecturesMid-1990sIntelligent I/OLate 1990sE-commerce StartsComplex Adaptive SystemsEarly 2000sThird-Generation WirelessHuman Genome Project CompleteDirect Digital Line to BrainMid-2010sNanotechnologyBio-chips IntroducedLate 2010sMoore’s Law Obsolete————————————————————————————————Biochemical ComputersScientists are making computers out of strands of synthetic DNArather than silicon chips. These computers perform computations simultaneouslyrather than one at a time, as today’s machines do. This makesthem potentially much faster.©2001 by The Fairmont Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
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