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global_zero_commission_on_nuclear_risk_reduction_report

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GLOBAL ZERO COMMISSION ON NUCLEAR RISK REDUCTION REPORTDE-ALERTING AND STABILIZING THE WORLD’S NUCLEAR FORCE POSTURESC. CURRENT U.S.-RUSSIA NUCLEAR WEAPONS-RELATED CBMSDATE COUNTRY CBMJune 20, 1963Sept. 30,1971June 22, 1973Sept. 15,1987Sept. 23,1989Sept. 27,1991U.S.S.R. andU.S.U.S.S.R. andU.S.U.S.S.R. andU.S.U.S.S.R. andU.S.U.S.S.R. andU.S.U.S.Memorandum of Understanding Between the United States of America and the Uni<strong>on</strong> of Soviet SocialistRepublics Regarding the Establishment of a Direct Communicati<strong>on</strong>s Link (“Hotline” Agreement) – Hotlineestablished between nati<strong>on</strong>al command authorities in Washingt<strong>on</strong> and Moscow (after Cuban Missile Crisis).Agreement <strong>on</strong> Measures to Reduce the Risk of Outbreak of Nuclear War – Agreed to notificati<strong>on</strong> ofmissile launches bey<strong>on</strong>d nati<strong>on</strong>al borders and prompt warning in case of accident or unauthorized launch.Agreement <strong>on</strong> the Preventi<strong>on</strong> of Nuclear War – Agreed to c<strong>on</strong>sult with each other in the event of a situati<strong>on</strong>of <strong>nuclear</strong> c<strong>on</strong>fr<strong>on</strong>tati<strong>on</strong> or the danger of a <strong>nuclear</strong> c<strong>on</strong>fr<strong>on</strong>tati<strong>on</strong> between them or any other countryin order to avoid <strong>risk</strong> of escalati<strong>on</strong>.Agreement <strong>on</strong> the Establishment of Nuclear Risk Reducti<strong>on</strong> Centers – Nuclear Risk Reducti<strong>on</strong> Centersestablished in Washingt<strong>on</strong> and Moscow charged with transmitting notificati<strong>on</strong>s of strategic ballistic missilelaunches and other informati<strong>on</strong>.Agreement <strong>on</strong> Reciprocal Advance Notificati<strong>on</strong> of Major Strategic Exercises – Agreed to notify the othercountry no less than 14 days prior to carrying out any major strategic exercise involving heavy bombers.Presidential Nuclear Initiatives: Announcement Regarding the Unilateral Reducti<strong>on</strong> of Nuclear Weap<strong>on</strong>s– Committed to reduce and limit the U.S. tactical <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s arsenal by withdrawing all overseasdeployed ground-launched short-range weap<strong>on</strong>s and destroying them as well as destroying existing U.S. stockpilesof the same weap<strong>on</strong>s; de-alerting all strategic bombers and all interc<strong>on</strong>tinental ballistic missiles; and ceasingdeployment of tactical <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> surface ships, attack submarines, and land-based naval aircraftduring “normal circumstances.”Oct. 5, 1991 U.S.S.R. Presidential Nuclear Initiative: Announcement Regarding Unilateral Reducti<strong>on</strong>s of Nuclear Weap<strong>on</strong>s –Committed to destructi<strong>on</strong> of all <strong>nuclear</strong> artillery ammuniti<strong>on</strong> and <strong>nuclear</strong> mines; removal to central storagelocati<strong>on</strong>s of <strong>nuclear</strong> warheads from anti-aircraft missiles and all tactical <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> surface ships andmultipurpose submarines; de-alerting strategic bombers and 503 ICBMs, including 134 with multiple warheads;stopping development of a short-range missile for heavy bombers and plans to develop mobile ICBMs and buildnew mobile launchers for existing ICBMs; pledging to eliminate an additi<strong>on</strong>al 1,000 <strong>nuclear</strong> warheads comparedto what was required by START; and a <strong>on</strong>e-year unilateral moratorium <strong>on</strong> <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s testing.Jan. 29, 1992 Russia Presidential Nuclear Initiative – Stated that Russia is legal successor to the Soviet Uni<strong>on</strong> and will c<strong>on</strong>tinueto adhere to all agreements related to arms c<strong>on</strong>trol; Russia will c<strong>on</strong>tinue to work to eliminate <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s“gradually <strong>on</strong> a parity basis.”Dec. 7, 1993 U.S. Openness Initiative – Reformed the Department of Energy’s classificati<strong>on</strong> and declassificati<strong>on</strong> system; ledto more declassificati<strong>on</strong> of warhead numbers, technical informati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> warheads, plut<strong>on</strong>ium and highly-enricheduranium producti<strong>on</strong> and stocks and basic science related to <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s.Jan. 1994 Russia and U.S. Detargeting Agreement – Agreed to no l<strong>on</strong>ger target strategic ballistic missiles at each other, but missilescan be retargeted in sec<strong>on</strong>ds, implemented as of May 1994.Dec. 1994May 27, 1997May 24, 2000Russia, U.S.Ukraine & U.K.NATO andRussiaChina, France,Russia, U.K.,U.S.2004 India &PakistanBudapest Memorandum – Ukraine agreed to remove all <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s from its territory and sign theNPT; Russia, UK and US agree to respect Ukrainian territorial integrity and sovereigntyFounding Act <strong>on</strong> Mutual Relati<strong>on</strong>s, Cooperati<strong>on</strong> and Security between NATO and the Russian Federati<strong>on</strong>– Am<strong>on</strong>g various security measures the act c<strong>on</strong>tains NATO’s qualified pledge not to deploy <strong>nuclear</strong>weap<strong>on</strong>s or stati<strong>on</strong> troops in the new member states and lays out areas of cooperati<strong>on</strong> between Russia andNATO in n<strong>on</strong>proliferati<strong>on</strong>, <strong>nuclear</strong> safety issues, and arms c<strong>on</strong>trol.Target Declarati<strong>on</strong> at NPT Review C<strong>on</strong>ference – All <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s states party to the NPT declaredthat all their <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s are not targeted at any state.Hotline Agreement – Established hotline between Indian and Pakistani foreign ministries.52

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