global_zero_commission_on_nuclear_risk_reduction_report

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GLOBAL ZERO COMMISSION ON NUCLEAR RISK REDUCTION REPORTDE-ALERTING AND STABILIZING THE WORLD’S NUCLEAR FORCE POSTURESshowed widespread support for work toward de-alertingnuclear forces, including support from China, India andPakistan – nuclear weapons states in a region that is insome danger of an escalating the arms race, which wouldinvolve increasing the operational readiness of nuclearweapons systems. France, Russia, the United Kingdomand the United States, four of the five permanent membersof the U.N. Security Council, all voted against theresolution.The most recent resolution, tabled at the 2014 U.N. GeneralAssembly, contained the same call to action as theprevious resolutions: for steps to be taken to decrease theoperational readiness of nuclear weapons with the viewof taking all nuclear weapons off high alert status. Therewas an increase in support for the resolution with 166countries voting in favor, 4 voting against and 11 abstaining.111 Once again, China, India and Pakistan voted infavor; and France, Russia, the United Kingdom and theNorway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis,Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino,Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone,Singapore, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, SouthSudan, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland,Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Thailand, the former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago,Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates,United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela(Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.United States voted against the resolution. Enters U.S.Ambassador Wood, stage left, to explain their negativevotes (see above).As part of a statement to the 69 th First Committee of theGeneral Assembly, Ambassador Urs Schmid of Switzerland,a state leading the de-alerting resolution efforts,acknowledged past progress on de-alerting, highlightingthat such actions demonstrate that de-alerting is possibleand that political and technical challenges can be overcomein order to address the nearly 2,000 warheads thatremain on high alert. 112B. DE-ALERTING BUILDS ON ANTECEDENTCONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURESA multilateral effort to establish an agreed framework forde-alerting nuclear forces would build on a number of existingmeasures designed to reduce nuclear risks, and a growingarray of proposals related to enhancing the transparencyand stability of the nuclear postures of all the nuclear weaponscountries.Against: France, Russian Federation, United Kingdom of Great Britainand Northern Ireland, United States of America.Abstaining: Andorra, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic People’sRepublic of Korea, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Israel, Latvia, Lithuania,Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Netherlands, Palau,Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Turkey.Recorded vote on General Assembly resolution 67/46, Decreasing the operationalreadiness of nuclear weapons, A/RES/67/46, December 3, 2012,https://gafc-vote.un.org/UNODA/vote.nsf/91a5e1195dc97a630525656f-005b8adf/e35fd89dd7a6f43485257ad7006bf022?OpenDocument&ExpandSection=3%2C2#_Section3.111 “General Assembly Adopts 63 Drafts on First Committee’s Recommendationwith Nuclear Disarmament at Core of Several RecordedVotes,” United Nations Press Release, December 2, 2014, http://www.un.org/press/en/2014/ga11593.doc.htm.112 Amb. Robert A. Wood, “Cluster One: Explanation of the Vote Afterthe Vote,” op. cit.64
GLOBAL ZERO COMMISSION ON NUCLEAR RISK REDUCTION REPORTDE-ALERTING AND STABILIZING THE WORLD’S NUCLEAR FORCE POSTURESC. CURRENT AND PROPOSED NUCLEAR WEAPONS-RELATED CBMS OUTSIDE U.S.-RUSSIADATE COUNTRY CBMOct. 1964 China Declaration of No-First Use – Pledged to not use nuclear weapons unless first attacked with anuclear weapon.1966 France &U.S.S.R.1967 U.K. &U.S.S.R.July 16,1976Oct. 10,1977Dec. 31,1988France &U.S.S.R.U.K. &U.S.S.R.India &PakistanHotline Agreement – Established hotline between Paris and Moscow.Hotline Agreement – Established hotline between London and Moscow.Agreement on Prevention of Accidental or Unauthorized Use of Nuclear Weapons – Agreedto improve measures to guard against nuclear weapon accidents and immediately notify the othercountry of any nuclear accident.Agreement on Prevention of Accidental or Unauthorized Use of Nuclear Weapons – Agreedto improve measures to guard against nuclear weapon accidents and immediately notify the othercountry of any nuclear accident.Prohibition of Attack Against Nuclear Facilities – Prohibited attacks against nuclear installationsor facilities in either country; required annual exchange of lists of all nuclear-related facility locationsin each country (lists have been exchanged annually since 1992).Feb. 1994 Russia & U.K. De-targeting Agreement – Agreed to de-target nuclear weapons to empty ocean zones.Sept. 1994China &Russia1998 India &PakistanBilateral No First Use Accord – Pledged not to use nuclear weapons against each other or targeteach other with nuclear weapons.Informal CBM – Moratorium on further nuclear testing.Apr. 1998 China & U.S. Hotline Agreement – Established hotline between Beijing and Washington (activated in June1998).May 3, 1998China &RussiaHotline Agreement – Established hotline between national command authorities in Beijing andMoscow. In March 2008, a hotline was established between the Chinese and Russian DefenseMinistries to enhance bilateral cooperation.June 1998 China & U.S. Nuclear Weapons De-Targeting Agreement – Pledged not to target each other with nuclearweapons.Aug. 17,19992004 India &PakistanOct. 3, 2005Feb. 21,2007India No First Use – Announced draft policy; policy reaffirmed in 2003.India &PakistanIndia &PakistanHotline Agreement – Established hotline between Indian and Pakistani foreign ministries.Agreement on Pre-Notification of Flight Testing of Ballistic Missiles – Each country committedto notify each other in advance of ballistic missile flight tests (does not apply to cruisemissiles).Agreement on Reducing the Risk from Accidents Relating to Nuclear Weapons – Five yearagreement on improving measures to guard against nuclear weapon accidents and establish communicationmeasures between the two countries in the event of a nuclear accident; extended foran additional five years in Feb. 2012.65
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