GLOBAL ZERO COMMISSION ON NUCLEAR RISK REDUCTION REPORTDE-ALERTING AND STABILIZING THE WORLD’S NUCLEAR FORCE POSTURESshowed widespread support for work toward de-alerting<strong>nuclear</strong> forces, including support from China, India andPakistan – <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s states in a regi<strong>on</strong> that is insome danger of an escalating the arms race, which wouldinvolve increasing the operati<strong>on</strong>al readiness of <strong>nuclear</strong>weap<strong>on</strong>s systems. France, Russia, the United Kingdomand the United States, four of the five permanent membersof the U.N. Security Council, all voted against theresoluti<strong>on</strong>.The most recent resoluti<strong>on</strong>, tabled at the 2014 U.N. GeneralAssembly, c<strong>on</strong>tained the same call to acti<strong>on</strong> as theprevious resoluti<strong>on</strong>s: for steps to be taken to decrease theoperati<strong>on</strong>al readiness of <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s with the viewof taking all <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s off high alert status. Therewas an increase in support for the resoluti<strong>on</strong> with 166countries voting in favor, 4 voting against and 11 abstaining.111 Once again, China, India and Pakistan voted infavor; and France, Russia, the United Kingdom and theNorway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis,Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino,Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Le<strong>on</strong>e,Singapore, Slovenia, Solom<strong>on</strong> Islands, Somalia, South Africa, SouthSudan, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland,Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Thailand, the former YugoslavRepublic of Maced<strong>on</strong>ia, Timor-Leste, Togo, T<strong>on</strong>ga, Trinidad and Tobago,Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates,United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela(Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.United States voted against the resoluti<strong>on</strong>. Enters U.S.Ambassador Wood, stage left, to explain their negativevotes (see above).As part of a statement to the 69 th First Committee of theGeneral Assembly, Ambassador Urs Schmid of Switzerland,a state leading the de-alerting resoluti<strong>on</strong> efforts,acknowledged past progress <strong>on</strong> de-alerting, highlightingthat such acti<strong>on</strong>s dem<strong>on</strong>strate that de-alerting is possibleand that political and technical challenges can be overcomein order to address the nearly 2,000 warheads thatremain <strong>on</strong> high alert. 112B. DE-ALERTING BUILDS ON ANTECEDENTCONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURESA multilateral effort to establish an agreed framework forde-alerting <strong>nuclear</strong> forces would build <strong>on</strong> a number of existingmeasures designed to reduce <strong>nuclear</strong> <strong>risk</strong>s, and a growingarray of proposals related to enhancing the transparencyand stability of the <strong>nuclear</strong> postures of all the <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>scountries.Against: France, Russian Federati<strong>on</strong>, United Kingdom of Great Britainand Northern Ireland, United States of America.Abstaining: Andorra, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic People’sRepublic of Korea, Est<strong>on</strong>ia, Georgia, Hungary, Israel, Latvia, Lithuania,Marshall Islands, Micr<strong>on</strong>esia (Federated States of), Netherlands, Palau,Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Turkey.Recorded vote <strong>on</strong> General Assembly resoluti<strong>on</strong> 67/46, Decreasing the operati<strong>on</strong>alreadiness of <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s, A/RES/67/46, December 3, 2012,https://gafc-vote.un.org/UNODA/vote.nsf/91a5e1195dc97a630525656f-005b8adf/e35fd89dd7a6f43485257ad7006bf022?OpenDocument&ExpandSecti<strong>on</strong>=3%2C2#_Secti<strong>on</strong>3.111 “General Assembly Adopts 63 Drafts <strong>on</strong> First Committee’s Recommendati<strong>on</strong>with Nuclear Disarmament at Core of Several RecordedVotes,” United Nati<strong>on</strong>s Press Release, December 2, 2014, http://www.un.org/press/en/2014/ga11593.doc.htm.112 Amb. Robert A. Wood, “Cluster One: Explanati<strong>on</strong> of the Vote Afterthe Vote,” op. cit.64
GLOBAL ZERO COMMISSION ON NUCLEAR RISK REDUCTION REPORTDE-ALERTING AND STABILIZING THE WORLD’S NUCLEAR FORCE POSTURESC. CURRENT AND PROPOSED NUCLEAR WEAPONS-RELATED CBMS OUTSIDE U.S.-RUSSIADATE COUNTRY CBMOct. 1964 China Declarati<strong>on</strong> of No-First Use – Pledged to not use <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s unless first attacked with a<strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>.1966 France &U.S.S.R.1967 U.K. &U.S.S.R.July 16,1976Oct. 10,1977Dec. 31,1988France &U.S.S.R.U.K. &U.S.S.R.India &PakistanHotline Agreement – Established hotline between Paris and Moscow.Hotline Agreement – Established hotline between L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong> and Moscow.Agreement <strong>on</strong> Preventi<strong>on</strong> of Accidental or Unauthorized Use of Nuclear Weap<strong>on</strong>s – Agreedto improve measures to guard against <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong> accidents and immediately notify the othercountry of any <strong>nuclear</strong> accident.Agreement <strong>on</strong> Preventi<strong>on</strong> of Accidental or Unauthorized Use of Nuclear Weap<strong>on</strong>s – Agreedto improve measures to guard against <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong> accidents and immediately notify the othercountry of any <strong>nuclear</strong> accident.Prohibiti<strong>on</strong> of Attack Against Nuclear Facilities – Prohibited attacks against <strong>nuclear</strong> installati<strong>on</strong>sor facilities in either country; required annual exchange of lists of all <strong>nuclear</strong>-related facility locati<strong>on</strong>sin each country (lists have been exchanged annually since 1992).Feb. 1994 Russia & U.K. De-targeting Agreement – Agreed to de-target <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s to empty ocean z<strong>on</strong>es.Sept. 1994China &Russia1998 India &PakistanBilateral No First Use Accord – Pledged not to use <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s against each other or targeteach other with <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s.Informal CBM – Moratorium <strong>on</strong> further <strong>nuclear</strong> testing.Apr. 1998 China & U.S. Hotline Agreement – Established hotline between Beijing and Washingt<strong>on</strong> (activated in June1998).May 3, 1998China &RussiaHotline Agreement – Established hotline between nati<strong>on</strong>al command authorities in Beijing andMoscow. In March 2008, a hotline was established between the Chinese and Russian DefenseMinistries to enhance bilateral cooperati<strong>on</strong>.June 1998 China & U.S. Nuclear Weap<strong>on</strong>s De-Targeting Agreement – Pledged not to target each other with <strong>nuclear</strong>weap<strong>on</strong>s.Aug. 17,19992004 India &PakistanOct. 3, 2005Feb. 21,2007India No First Use – Announced draft policy; policy reaffirmed in 2003.India &PakistanIndia &PakistanHotline Agreement – Established hotline between Indian and Pakistani foreign ministries.Agreement <strong>on</strong> Pre-Notificati<strong>on</strong> of Flight Testing of Ballistic Missiles – Each country committedto notify each other in advance of ballistic missile flight tests (does not apply to cruisemissiles).Agreement <strong>on</strong> Reducing the Risk from Accidents Relating to Nuclear Weap<strong>on</strong>s – Five yearagreement <strong>on</strong> improving measures to guard against <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong> accidents and establish communicati<strong>on</strong>measures between the two countries in the event of a <strong>nuclear</strong> accident; extended foran additi<strong>on</strong>al five years in Feb. 2012.65