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global_zero_commission_on_nuclear_risk_reduction_report

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GLOBAL ZERO COMMISSION ON NUCLEAR RISK REDUCTION REPORTDE-ALERTING AND STABILIZING THE WORLD’S NUCLEAR FORCE POSTURESC. CURRENT AND PROPOSED NUCLEAR WEAPONS-RELATED CBMS OUTSIDE U.S.-RUSSIADATE COUNTRY CBMOct. 1964 China Declarati<strong>on</strong> of No-First Use – Pledged to not use <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s unless first attacked with a<strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>.1966 France &U.S.S.R.1967 U.K. &U.S.S.R.July 16,1976Oct. 10,1977Dec. 31,1988France &U.S.S.R.U.K. &U.S.S.R.India &PakistanHotline Agreement – Established hotline between Paris and Moscow.Hotline Agreement – Established hotline between L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong> and Moscow.Agreement <strong>on</strong> Preventi<strong>on</strong> of Accidental or Unauthorized Use of Nuclear Weap<strong>on</strong>s – Agreedto improve measures to guard against <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong> accidents and immediately notify the othercountry of any <strong>nuclear</strong> accident.Agreement <strong>on</strong> Preventi<strong>on</strong> of Accidental or Unauthorized Use of Nuclear Weap<strong>on</strong>s – Agreedto improve measures to guard against <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong> accidents and immediately notify the othercountry of any <strong>nuclear</strong> accident.Prohibiti<strong>on</strong> of Attack Against Nuclear Facilities – Prohibited attacks against <strong>nuclear</strong> installati<strong>on</strong>sor facilities in either country; required annual exchange of lists of all <strong>nuclear</strong>-related facility locati<strong>on</strong>sin each country (lists have been exchanged annually since 1992).Feb. 1994 Russia & U.K. De-targeting Agreement – Agreed to de-target <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s to empty ocean z<strong>on</strong>es.Sept. 1994China &Russia1998 India &PakistanBilateral No First Use Accord – Pledged not to use <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s against each other or targeteach other with <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong>s.Informal CBM – Moratorium <strong>on</strong> further <strong>nuclear</strong> testing.Apr. 1998 China & U.S. Hotline Agreement – Established hotline between Beijing and Washingt<strong>on</strong> (activated in June1998).May 3, 1998China &RussiaHotline Agreement – Established hotline between nati<strong>on</strong>al command authorities in Beijing andMoscow. In March 2008, a hotline was established between the Chinese and Russian DefenseMinistries to enhance bilateral cooperati<strong>on</strong>.June 1998 China & U.S. Nuclear Weap<strong>on</strong>s De-Targeting Agreement – Pledged not to target each other with <strong>nuclear</strong>weap<strong>on</strong>s.Aug. 17,19992004 India &PakistanOct. 3, 2005Feb. 21,2007India No First Use – Announced draft policy; policy reaffirmed in 2003.India &PakistanIndia &PakistanHotline Agreement – Established hotline between Indian and Pakistani foreign ministries.Agreement <strong>on</strong> Pre-Notificati<strong>on</strong> of Flight Testing of Ballistic Missiles – Each country committedto notify each other in advance of ballistic missile flight tests (does not apply to cruisemissiles).Agreement <strong>on</strong> Reducing the Risk from Accidents Relating to Nuclear Weap<strong>on</strong>s – Five yearagreement <strong>on</strong> improving measures to guard against <strong>nuclear</strong> weap<strong>on</strong> accidents and establish communicati<strong>on</strong>measures between the two countries in the event of a <strong>nuclear</strong> accident; extended foran additi<strong>on</strong>al five years in Feb. 2012.65

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