Principles of naval engineering - Historic Naval Ships Association

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PRINCIPLES OF NAVAL ENGINEERINGBecause there will always be some error ofmeasurement, and because the error may actuallybe considerably greater than that indicatedby the percentage of guaranteed accuracy, thecalibration of any measuring device requiresthe highest possible precision.Instrument sensitivity is sometimes confusedwith instrument accuracy. This is a big mistake.The sensitivity of an instrument refers to theability of the instrument to respond to changesin the value of the measured variable. K aninstrument can respond to very small changesin the measured variable, it is a very sensitiveinstrument; if larger changes in the measuredvariable are required to produce effective motionof the measuring element, the instrument is lesssensitive.Sensitivity is quite directly related to frictionwithin an instrument. An instrument thathas relatively small energy losses because offriction will, all other things being equal, bemore sensitive than an instrument with relativelylarge friction losses.156
CHAPTER 8INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMICSThe shipboard engineering plant may bethought of as a series of devices and arrangementsfor the exchange and transformation ofenergy. The energy transformation of greatestimportance in the shipboard plant is the productionof mechanical work from thermal energy,since we depend largely upon this transformationto make the ship move through the water. Onsteam-driven ships, steam serves the vital purposeof carrying energy to the engines. Thesource of this energy may be the combustion ofa conventional fuel oil or the fission of a radioactivematerial. In either case, the steam that isgenerated is the medium by which thermal energyis carried to the ship's engines, where it isconverted into mechanical energy which propelsthe ship. In addition, energy transformationsrelated directly or indirectly to the basic propulsionplant energy conversion provide powerfor many vital services such as steering, lighting,ventilation, heating, refrigeration and airconditioning, the operation of various electricaland electronic devices, and the loading, aiming,and firing of the ship's weapons.In order to acquire a basic understanding ofthe design of shipboard engineering plants, it isnecessary to have some understanding of certainconcepts in the field of thermodynamics. In thebroadest sense of the term, thermodynamics isthe physical science that deals with energy andenergy transformations. The branch of thermodynamicswhich is of primary interest to engineersis usually referred to as applied thermodynamicsor engineering thermodynamics ;itdeals with fundamental design and operationalconsiderations of boilers, turbines, internalcombustion engines, air compressors, refrigerationand air conditioning equipment, and othermachinery in which energy is exchanged ortransferred in order to produce some desiredeffect.This chapter deals with certain thermodynamicconcepts that are particularly necessaryas a basis for understanding the shipboardengineering plant. The information given hereis introductory in nature; obviously, it is not inany sense a complete or thorough explorationof the subject. Insofar as possible, we willdepend upon verbal description rather thanmathematical analysis to develop our understandingof the laws and principles of energyexchanges and transformations.It should perhaps be noted that many of theterms used in this chapter— including such basicterms as energy and heat—have more specializedand more precise meanings in the study of thermodynamicsthan they do in everyday life oreven in the study of general physics. This isonly to be expected; thermodynamics is a highlyspecialized branch of physics and, like any otherspecialty, it requires a certain refinement ofterminology. If any difficulty arises from thefact that familiar terms are used in a somewhatunfamiliar sense, the difficulty can be largelyminimized by paying particular attention to theexact meaning of each term, as defined here,rather than depending upon a general knowledgefor an understanding of the terms.ENERGYAlthough energy has a general meaning toalmost everyone, it is not easy to define theword in a completely satisfactory way. Energyis intangible and is largely known through itseffects. Because energy is so often manifestedby the production of work, energy is commonlydefined as "the capacity for doing work." However,this is not entirely adequate as a definition,since work is not the only effect that isThe student who has the mathematical backgroundrequired for further study of thermodynamics will findit profitable to consult thermodynamics texts to amplifythe information given in this chapter.157
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CHAPTER 10PROPULSION BOILERSIn the
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CHAPTER 11BOILER FITTINGS AND CONTR
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CHAPTER13CONDENSERS AND OTHER HEAT
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CHAPTER 14PIPING, FITTINGS, AND VAL
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CHAPTER 15PUMPS AND FORCED DRAFT BL
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Chapter 16. -AUXILIARY STEAM TURBIN
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CHAPTER 17COMPRESSED AIR PLANTSComp
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CHAPTER 19REFRIGERATION AND AIR CON
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CHAPTER 22DIESEL AND GASOLINE ENGIN
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Chapter 24. -NUCLEAR POWER PLANTSCL
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. STEAMChapter 24. -NUCLEAR POWER P
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Chapter 25. -NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN NA
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Chapter 25, -NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN NA
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Chapter 25. -NEW DEVELOPMENT IN NAV
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INDEXComponents and accessories-Con
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INDEXMain line shaft bearing, 96Mai
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INDEXShipboard electrical systems-C
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