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PRINCIPLES OF NAVAL ENGINEERINGFigure 22-4.— Volume, temperature, and pressure relationships in a cylinder.75.4the principal differences existing between thecycles. The diagrams shown are theoreticalpressure-volume diagrams. Diagrams representingconditions in operating engines aregiven later. Information obtained from actualindicator diagrams may be used in checkingengine performance.OTTO (CONSTANT-VOLUME) CYCLE.-Intheory, this combustion cycle is one in which550
Chapter 22. -DIESEL AND GASOLINE ENGINEScompressed air, some of the fuel ignites, thenthe rest of the charge burns. The expansion ofthe gases keeps pace with the change in volumecaused by piston travel; thus combustion is saidto occur at constant pressure (represented byline BC).OTTO CYCLE DIESEL CYCLE75.5Figure 22-5.— Pressure-volume diagramsfor theoretical combustion cycles.combustion, induced by spark ignition, occursat constant volume. The Otto cycle and its principlesserve as the basis for modern gasolineengine designs.Compression (see line A-B, figure 22-5) ofthe charge in the cylinder is adiabatic. Sparkignition occurs at B, and, due to the volatilityof the mixture, combustion practically amountsto an explosion. Combustion, represented byline BC, occurs (theoretically) just as the pistonreaches TDC. During combustion, there is nopiston travel; thus there is no change in the volumeof the gas in the cylinder. This accounts forthe descriptive term, constant volume. Duringcombustion, there is a rapid rise of temperaturefollowed by a pressure increase which performsthe work during the expansion phase, representedby line CD. The removal of gases, represented byline DA, is at constant volume.TRUE DIESEL (CONSTANT-PRESSURE)CYCLE.— This cycle may be defined as one ininduced by compression ig-which combustion,nition, theoretically occurs at a constant pressure.Adiabatic compression (represented byline AB, fig. 22-5) of the air increases its temperatureto a point where ignition occurs automaticallywhen the fuel is injected. Fuel injectionand combustion are so controlled as to giveconstant-pressure combustion (represented byline BC). This is followed by adiabatic expansion(represented by line CD) and constant volume(represented by the line DA).In the true diesel cycle, the burning of themixture of fuel and compressed air is a relativelyslow process when compared with the quick, explosive-typecombustion process of the Ottocycle. The injected fuel penetrates theMODIFIED COMBUSTION CYCLES.- Thepreceding discussion covers the theoreticalcombustion cycles which serve as the basis formodern engines. In actual operation, modernengines operate on modifications of the theoreticalcycles. However, characteristics of thetrue cycles are incorporated in the cycles ofmodern engines. This is pointed out in the followingdiscussion of examples representing theactual cycles of operation in gasoline and dieselengines.The following examples are based on the 4-stroke mechanical cycle since the majority ofgasoline engines use this type of cycle; thus, ameans of comparing the cycles found in bothgasoline and diesel engines is provided. Differencesexisting in diesel engines operating on the2- stroke cycle are pointed out.The illustrations in figures 22-6 and 22-7represent the changing conditions in a cylinderduring engine operation. Some of the events areexaggerated in order to show more clearly thechange which takes place and, at the same time,to show how the theoretical and actual cyclesdiffer.The compression ratio situation and a pressure-volumediagram for a 4- stroke Otto cycleis shown in figure 22-6. Illustration A showsthe piston on BDC at the start of an upstroke,(In a 4- stroke cycle engine, this stroke couldbe either that identified as the compressionstroke or the exhaust stroke.) Notice that inmoving from BDC to TDC (illustration B), thepiston travels 5/6 of the total distance ab. Inother words, the volume has been decreased to1/6 of the volume when the piston was atBDC. Thus, the compression ratio is 6 to 1.Illustration C shows the changes in volumeand pressure during one complete 4- strokecycle. Note that the lines representing the combustionand exhaust phases are not straight asthey were in the theoretical diagram. As in thediagram of the theoretical cycle, the verticalline at the left represents cylinder pressure inpsi. Atmospheric pressure is represented by ahorizontal line called the atmospheric pressureline. Pressures below this line are less thanatmospheric pressures, while pressures above551
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PRINCIPLES OFNAVAL ENGINEERINGPrepa
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CREDITSThe illustrations indicated
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PART l-THE NAVAL SHIPChapter 1Chapt
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CHAPTER 10PROPULSION BOILERSIn the
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CHAPTER13CONDENSERS AND OTHER HEAT
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CHAPTER 14PIPING, FITTINGS, AND VAL
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CHAPTER 15PUMPS AND FORCED DRAFT BL
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Chapter 16. -AUXILIARY STEAM TURBIN
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CHAPTER 17COMPRESSED AIR PLANTSComp
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CHAPTER 19REFRIGERATION AND AIR CON
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Chapter 24. -NUCLEAR POWER PLANTSCL
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. STEAMChapter 24. -NUCLEAR POWER P
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Chapter 25. -NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN NA
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Chapter 25, -NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN NA
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Chapter 25. -NEW DEVELOPMENT IN NAV
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INDEXComponents and accessories-Con
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INDEXMain line shaft bearing, 96Mai
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INDEXShipboard electrical systems-C
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