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PRINCIPLES OF NAVAL ENGINEERINGIMTERNAL FEEDPIPEBAFFLE MATERIALSURFACE BLOWLINEFEED WATER OUTLETPLASTIC CHROMESUPERHEATERy/tPLASTIC FIREBRICK4ViFIREBRICKI'j INSULATING BRICKEINSULATING BLOCK2h" FIREBRICK2V!" INSULATING BRICK1 INSULATING BLOCKI PLASTIC CHROME ORE BOTTOM BLOW INSULATING BLOCKFigure 10-21.— Cutaway view of older single-furnace boiler.38.40252
Chapter 10- PROPULSION BOILERSthe steam drum. Heat transfer takes place fromthe steam in the desuperheater to the water inthe steam drum. The desuperheated steam whichpasses out of the desuperheater and into theauxiliary steam line is once again at (or veryclose to) saturation temperature.Thus far we have considered the flow ofsteam as it occurs after the boiler has been cutin on the steam line. But what happens when acold boiler is lighted off? How can the superheatertubes be protected from the heat of thefurnace after fires are lighted but before sufficientsteam has been generated to ensure a safeflow through the superheater?Various methods are used to protect thesuperheater during this critical period immediatelyafter lighting off. Very low firing ratesare used, and the boiler is warmed up slowlyuntil an adequate flow of steam has been established.Many—but not all—boQers of this typehave connections through which protective steamcan be supplied from another boiler on the sameship or from some outside source such as anaval shipyard or a tender. As shown in figure10-20, this steam comes in (under pressure)through the superheater protection steam valve.It enters the superheater inlet, passes throughthe superheater tubes, goes out the superheateroutlet, passes through the desuperheater, andthen goes into the auxiliary exhaust line by wayof the superheater protection exhaust valve.On single-furnace boilers which do not havea protective steam system for use during thelighting off period, even greater care must betaken to establish a steam flow through thesuperheater. In general, the steam flow is establishedby venting the superheater drains tothe bilges while warming up the boiler veryslowly.On the basis of the classification methodsgiven earlier in this chapter, we may considerthis older single-furnace boiler as one whichhas the following characteristics: It is a watertubeboiler with natural circulation of the acceleratedtype. It is a drum-type (rather than aheader-type) boiler. It has tubes which are arrangedroughly in the shape of the letter D—hence it is often called a D-type boiler. It hasonly one furnace. It does not have controlledsuperheat. It is often classified as a "600-psiboiler," although it actually operates at about435 psig.As previously noted, the degree of superheatobtained in a single-furnace boiler of the typebeing considered is primarily dependent uponthe firing rate. However, a number of designfeatures and operational considerations alsoaffect the temperature of the steam at the superheateroutlet.Design features that affect the degree ofsuperheat include (1) the type of superheaterinstalled—that is, whether heated by convection,by radiation, or by both; (2) the location of thesuperheater with respect to the burners; (3) theextent to which the superheater is protected bywater screen tubes; (4) the area of superheaterheat-transfer surface; (5) the number of passesmade by the steam in going through the superheater;(6) the location of gas baffles; and (7) thevolume and shape of the furnace.Operational factors that affect the degree ofsuperheat include (1) the rate of combustion;(2) the temperature of the feed water; (3) theamount of excess air passing through the furnace;(4) the amount of moisture contained in the steamentering the superheater; (5) the condition of thesuperheater tube surfaces; and (6) the conditionof the water screen tube surfaces. Since thesefactors may affect the degree of superheat inways which are not immediately apparent, let usexamine them in more detail.How does the rate of combustion affect thedegree of superheat? To begin with, we mightimagine a simple relationship in which the degreeof superheat goes up directly as the rate of combustionis increased. Such a simple relationshipdoes, in fact, exist— but only up to a certainpoint. Throughout most of the operating rangeof this boiler, the degree of superheat goes upquite steadily and regularly as the rate of combustiongoes up. Near full power, however, thedegree of superheat drops slightly even thoughthe rate of combustion is still going up. Whydoes this happen? Primarily because the increasedfiring rate results in an increasedgenerating rate, which in turn results in anincreased steam flow through the superheater.The rate of heat absorption increases morerapidly than the rate of steam flow until theboiler is operating at very nearly full power;at this point the rate of steam flow increasesmore rapidly than the rate of heat absorption.Therefore the superheater outlet temperaturedrops slightly.Suppose that the boiler is being fired at aconstant rate and that the steam is being usedat a constant rate. K we increase the temperatureof the incoming feed water, what happens tothe superheat? Does it increase, decrease, orremain the same? Surprisingly, the degree of253
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Chapter 5- FUNDAMENTALS OF SHIP PRO
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CHAPTER 8INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNA
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CHAPTER13CONDENSERS AND OTHER HEAT
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CHAPTER 14PIPING, FITTINGS, AND VAL
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CHAPTER 17COMPRESSED AIR PLANTSComp
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CHAPTER 22DIESEL AND GASOLINE ENGIN
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CHAPTER 23GAS TURBINESThe gas turbi
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Chapter 24. -NUCLEAR POWER PLANTSCL
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. STEAMChapter 24. -NUCLEAR POWER P
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Chapter 24. -NUCLEAR POWER PLANTSIn
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Chapter 25. -NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN NA
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Chapter 25, -NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN NA
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Chapter 25. -NEW DEVELOPMENT IN NAV
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INDEXComponents and accessories-Con
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INDEXMain line shaft bearing, 96Mai
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INDEXShipboard electrical systems-C
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